China’s LAMOST telescope is the most powerful spectroscopic measurement telescope for studying large field of view and large sample astronomy. It combines the world’s leading splicing mirror technology with thin mirror technology for the first time, breaking through the inability of previous astronomical instruments to combine large clear apertures and wide The bottleneck of the field of view. In order to more accurately detect the movement between the sub-mirrors of large-aperture telescopes, it is necessary to install a precise sensor at the edge of the sub-mirror to detect the movement between the sub-mirrors, and then adjust the mirror displacement in time through the force actuator under the mirror to obtain more Good image quality. Due to the particularity of the mirror surface, there are strict requirements on the displacement measurement accuracy of the sensor. Its research focuses on the acquisition and filtering of sensor displacement signals. In order to extract useful digital signals from strong noises and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the digital signals output by the detection system, this paper proposes a dual-channel digital filtering algorithm combining improved four-entry wavelet and adaptive filtering. By improving the four-entry wavelet algorithm, the algorithm improves the reconstruction capability and linearity while taking into account the multi-resolution characteristics of the traditional wavelet transform algorithm, and ensures the continuity of the wavelet coefficients at the threshold; and the second channel collects the high The frequency characteristic noise signal is processed again through adaptive filtering, and finally a sensor displacement signal with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained. After the front-end algorithm development is completed, the displacement signal acquisition and processing system is realized through the ZYNQ-7000 development platform, including AD conversion, digital filtering, signal transmission and LCD screen display, etc., and the Gui interface program is written using Matlab to convert the displacement signal Real-time display and save records on the PC side. The entire experiment of the displacement sensor was carried out at the Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that the digital signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) processed by the algorithm is 20.7% higher than that of the traditional wavelet algorithm. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the fitted displacement curve is reduced by 19.8% on average, and the running time was reduced by 50%. It shows that the algorithm is accurate and fast, and its entire signal processing system has important application significance for the research of displacement sensors between splicing mirrors of large astronomical telescopes.
Checking of the micro-displacement between the segmented mirrors of the large aperture telescope is the foundation of the Active Optical System to adjust the system to gain the optimum observing effect. In this paper, the signal processing system of a new type of area-alterable differential capacitive micro-displacement sensor used in the active optical system was designed, including both the hardware and software of it. The hardware consists of the high performance instrument amplifier, the lock-in demodulator, Analog to Digital converter, FPGA and the microprocessor. The software includes the MCU codes and FPGA-based modules such as the excitation pulse generation, system control and implementation of the signal processing algorithms. On the basis of the EDA simulation and test of the circuit modules, the schematic and PCB layout were designed and the experimental setup was assembled. Then the codes of FPGA and Microprocessor were designed and debugged. In the end, the system was tested on the platform of the micro-displacement experiment. Results showed that the general design scheme is feasible although the precision of the system is needed to be improved.
KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Sensors, Active optics, Analog electronics, Clocks, Mirrors, Active sensors, Data transmission, Interfaces, Data conversion
Active optics is a wave surface correction technology, which is used to eliminate deformation caused by gravity and temperature. The measurement of the micro displacement between sub-mirrors of large astronomical telescope is the key to automatic adjustment of the active optical system. In this paper, for a differential capacitive micro displacement sensor, the functions of each main module are realized through the designing of the software of FPGA and network microcontroller, which includes the modules of the capacitive-driving signal generation based on FPGA, the controlling module of demodulator ADA2200, A/D conversion module of analog signal, data transmission module via Ethernet based on MCU W7100A. The actual debugging shows that these modules achieved the expected function and lay a good foundation for the operation of the micro displacement sensor system.
In the Active Optical System, the precise measurement of the micro-displacement is the important evidence for the adjustment of the segmented mirrors and has great influence upon the full playing of the system’s optical performance. In this paper, both the median and adaptive filters are designed and simulated based on MatLab platform to remove the noises in the received signal of the micro-displacement sensor which has the features of low frequency, small amplitude and being susceptible to interference. The algorithms are also verified in the real micro-displacement measuring system. The results show that both of these two algorithms are effective and contribute to improve the system’s performance.
KEYWORDS: Wavelets, Filtering (signal processing), Electronic filtering, Digital filtering, Linear filtering, Interference (communication), Signal processing, Sensors, Digital signal processing, Wavelet transforms
Active optical technology used in large-caliber astronomical telescope depends on micro displacement sensors capable of real-time data processing. Proposed for a kind of differential capacitance micro-displacement sensor, a multi-channel digital filter based on a wavelet transform is designed in this paper to remove noise and gain a clean output signal. This algorithm includes: 1. From the multi-channel wavelets and refinement equation, a multi-channel filter bank is established and thus a down-sampling of M can be made to improve the real-time performance of the filter. 2. Based on the above, filter coefficients are truncated to integers by the way of wavelet lifting scheme. 3. An efficient iterative method is adopted to improve the wavelet decomposition process and simplify the algorithm itself. Through combining the above three methods, the computation amount of the multiplication and rms in the entire filtering process is reduced greatly, which leads to saving of the hardware resource and reducing of the computation time and benefits the designing of the real-time filter on FPGA platform in future. Verified by Matlab, the algorithm described in this paper achieves good noise processing capability.
Chinese Antarctic Observatory has been listed as National large research infrastructure during twelfth five-year plan. Kunlun Dark Universe Survey Telescope, one of two major facility of Chinese Antarctic Observatory, is a 2.5-meter optic/infrared telescope and will be built at the Chinese Antarctic Kunlun Station. It is intended to take advantage of the exceptional seeing conditions, as well as the low temperature reducing background for infrared observations. KDUST will adopt an innovative optical system, which can deliver very good image quality over a 2 square degree flat field of view. All of parts of it have been designed carefully to endure the extremely harsh environment. KDUST will be perched on a 14.5-meter-high tower to lift it above the turbulence layer. In this paper, preliminary design and key technology pre-research of KDUST will be introduced.
The CCD , as a detector , is one of the important components of astronomical telescopes. For a large telescope in
Antarctica, a set of CCD detector system with large size, high sensitivity and low noise is indispensable. Because
of the extremely low temperatures and unattended, system maintenance and software and hardware upgrade become hard
problems. This paper introduces a general CCD controller experiment platform, using Field programmable gate array
FPGA, which is, in fact, a large-scale field reconfigurable array. Taking the advantage of convenience to modify the
system, construction of driving circuit, digital signal processing module, network communication interface, control
algorithm validation, and remote reconfigurable module may realize. With the concept of integrated hardware and
software, the paper discusses the key technology of building scientific CCD system suitable for the special work
environment in Antarctica, focusing on the method of remote reconfiguration for controller via network and then
offering a feasible hardware and software solution.
Main mirror in LAMOST is a spherical mirror with 4 meters effective aperture, it is assembled by 37 hexagonal
segments, and the orientations of these segments were adjusted by actuators to achieve optical co-focal status. Arithmetic
for facing control of segmented-mirror was pre-researched in this paper, based on present condition in LAMOST. To
maintain the main mirror in a facing figure and preserve it during the track is the core of this control. To achieve the
facing figure, the unique method in segmented-mirror technology nowadays is that sensors working with actuators to
form closed loop. Firstly, relationship between the measurement results of sensors and the movements of actuators was
calculated and the figure control equation set was founded. Secondly, the characteristic of the coefficient matrix of this
equation set was analyzed. Finally, several methods to solve this equation system were comprehensively analyzed.
Damped Least-Squares Solution (DLS) was selected as the best for this paper, and this method was programmed to apply
on the experiment of sub system, finer result was got. Petal-effect in the experiment was noticed, analysis was given to
show the control of whole main mirror would get rid of petal-effect.
A type of displacement actuator used in active optics on Astronomical Telescope LAMOST was described in
the paper. Now it have obtained success on the small LAMOST. Tests of the actuator using dual-frequency
laser interferometer give some main parameters of them, and also give influence of condition varieties example
for pull or push force. It show how do these conditons affect the actuator, and how to use the actuator to fit
active optices. Finding out the characteristics after testing, these actuators were applied on the telescope. Some
puzzles were encountered and solved all, which was showed in the paper. Finally we could control these actuators
go forward or backward to several tens of nanometers accurately. By these technologic problems solved in the test and locations, these actuators could be applied on LAMOST or larger Astronomical Telescope.
This paper presents an implementation of control system of position actuators in LAMOST. Performance of actuators
has been tested in laboratory. The resolution of actuators is less than 5nm. The whole control system has been
successfully realized in LAMOST MB pre-segmented experiment. The control system of position actuator adopts
distributed-and-centralized mode. Displacement RMS error of the control system (including actuator and electrical
control) is less than 50 nm.
To realize active optics and further adaptive optics, high precision positioning technology with nanometer's resolution is believed to play a vitally important role in driving segmented mirrors of very large astronomical telescope (VLAT). The positioning actuators based on hydraulic technology, flexible-hinge principle and motor-reducer approach have been generally employed in VLAT to date. But such actuators prove to have the drawbacks such as hydraulic leakage, lagging, backlash and insufficient stroke, which could hardly be avoided in application of the above mentioned technologies. Naturally, these actuators can not satisfy the high-precise-positioning requirement for active and adaptive optics in VLAT. Aiming at upgrading the performance of actuators in VLAT, this paper presents the conceptual design of a small giant-magnetostrictive actuator which features stable nano-resolution positioning, large stroke, and instant response, high load capacity and free from backlash. Based on inchworm moving principle, the current research focuses on developing the elongating mechanism for longer step displacement with nanometric resolution and the clamping mechanism for large driving force. The feasibility of attaining a target actuator with 1000 microstrains and 4 nanometers resolution has been promised by relative experiments upon a Φ7×20 mm Terfenol-D rod in the authors' previous researches. Besides, the design of clamping mechanism as the other focus adopts magnetostrictive method to generate remarkable clamping force and to enable self-locking/pre-clamping behavior as well, which the other clamping methods are most unlikely to achieve. The current research is expected to contribute to meet the needs of high precision positioning for active and adaptive optics in VLAT.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Active optics, Active sensors, Interferometers, Astronomical telescopes, Temperature metrology, Telescopes, Mirrors, Error analysis, Space telescopes
Many types displacement sensors used in active optics in many astronomical telescopes over the world ware described and the measurement theory of different sensors were explained in this paper. Based on the displacement sensor's specification of LAMOST, a test bed to check it which used dual-frequency laser interferometer was established. Some main parameters affect on the measurement accuracy of the test bed such as temperature, vibration as well as some mechanism characteristics of fixing devices were analyzed in detail, and correspond solutions were adopted. According to theoretic analysis, rectification method was brought forward to compensate the errors of sensor cause by tip-tilt, thermal shift, non-linearity, and combined with the test results of some types sensors, their advantages and disadvantages was concluded. At last it forecasted the most appropriate displacement will be used in future active optics based on the discussion above and the developing trend of large telescope.
The large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope (LAMOST) is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope with
its main optical axis on the meridian plane tilted by an angle of 25° to the horizontal. The clear aperture is 4m, working
in optical band. The light path is 60m long when working in observing mode and it will be doubled if work in auto-collimation
mode. So the image quality is affected clearly by the ground seeing and the dome seeing. In order to
improve the seeing condition of the long light path, we enclosed the spherical primary and the focus unit in a tunnel
enclosure and cooled the tunnel. This is an effective but passive method. Corresponding experiments and simulations
show the main part of the aberrations caused by the ground seeing and dome seeing is slowly changed low order items
such as tip-tilt, defocus, astigmatism, coma and spherical aberration. Thus we plan to develop the low-order AO system
based on the low-cost 37-channel OKO deformable mirror for the telescope to better the ground seeing and the dome
seeing, not aimed to reach diffraction limited image. This work is being carried on now.
The segment prototype of the active Schmidt plate segment of the Large sky Area Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) was setup and measured. Nanometer displacement actuator with resolution of 50 nm was used for displacement inputting and both normal capacitive displacement sensors with resolution of 4.2 nm, and differential capacitive displacement sensors with resolution of 5 nm, for displacement reading. For the output displacements of the segment demands for finer displacement increment, three independent groups of lever reducing mechanism with reduction ratio of 1/4 were introduced in the prototype, and the measurement was to test the actuation transmitting performance of the lever systems. Theoretical actuation transfer formula were given and compared with measured data at three typical pointing angles of the segment prototype. The raw data were well corrected with extrapolation technique by monitoring temporal environmental influence on measurement system. The results confirmed that the actuation transmitting performance was as good as required. Its ultimate reducing transmitting ratio is very linear and stable, close to theoretical 3.047 within relative error of 6%, which is easy to be corrected by close-loop control for each segment of the active optics in LAMOST. Also, the measurement process proved itself that the differential capacitive displacement sensor be capable for the application to the active optics in the LAMOST.
A method about optic fiber sensor technology applied to laser dynamic-fixed distance ranging system was introduced in this paper. The laser diode was modulated by continual sine signal in the system. According to the instinctive characteristic of optic fiber that the fiber can produce high precision phase shift, the system measured the predetermined ranging distance by means of measuring the phase difference between the measuring light signal and the reference light signal caused by their different light courses. Based on the phase demodulation theory, the function of optic fiber sensor in the system was described in this paper, an important reformation of the phase demodulation system was introduced, and the evaluation of the application and development prospect of the research was given as well.
On the ground of research of dynamic laser fixed-distance detection system carry on board a protective, this paper discusses and analyzes the factors that affect the ranging accuracy of the system. On the basis of correlation detection theory and according to the system requirements on ranging accuracy and sensitivity, the effects of the values of main parameters, such as lasers' cycle, pulse width and ascending fringe, on ranging accuracy are described; a comprehensive analysis is given on the power requirements due to the reflectance of the target, ranging distance length, the sensitivity of detectors, and the coupling efficiency of the relative coupling devices.
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