In our study, the skin canceration processes induced by UVB were analyzed from the perspective of tissue spectrum. A home-made Raman spectral system with a millimeter order excitation laser spot size combined with a multivariate statistical analysis for monitoring the skin changed irradiated by UVB was studied and the discrimination were evaluated. Raman scattering signals of the SCC and normal skin were acquired. Spectral differences in Raman spectra were revealed. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to generate diagnostic algorithms for the classification of skin SCC and normal. The results indicated that Raman spectroscopy combined with PCA-LDA demonstrated good potential for improving the diagnosis of skin cancers.
Molecular characterization of semen that can be used to provide an objective diagnosis of semen quality is still lacking. Raman spectroscopy measures vibrational modes of molecules, thus can be utilized to characterize biological fluids. Here, we employed Raman spectroscopy to characterize and compare normal and abnormal semen samples in the fingerprint region (400-1800cm-1). Multivariate analysis methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used for spectral analysis to differentiate between normal and abnormal semen samples. Compared with PCA-LDA analysis, PLS-DA improved the diagnostic results, showing a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 73%. Furthermore, our preliminary quantitative analysis based on PLS algorithm demonstrated that spermatozoa concentration were relatively well predicted (R2=0.825). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate methods can provide as a new diagnostic technique for semen analysis and differentiation between normal and abnormal semen samples.
In this study, a rapid and simple method which combines drop coating deposition and Raman spectroscopy (DCDR) was developed to characterize the dry embryo culture media (ECM) droplet. We demonstrated that Raman spectra obtained from the droplet edge presented useful and characteristic signatures for protein and amino acids assessment. Using a different analytical method, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, we further confirmed that Na, K, and Cl were mainly detected in the central area of the dry ECM droplet while sulphur, an indicative of the presence of macromolecules such as proteins, was mainly found at the periphery of the droplet. In addition, to reduce sample preparation time, different temperatures for drying the droplets were tested. The results showed that drying temperature at 50°C can effectively reduce the sample preparation time to 6 min (as compared to 50 min for drying at room temperature, ∼25°C ) without inducing thermal damage to the proteins. This work demonstrated that DCDR has potential for rapid and reliable metabolomic profiling of ECM in clinical applications.
The capabilities of micro-Raman spectroscopy for differentiating normal and malignant nasopharyngeal tissues were evaluated. Raman scattering signals were acquired from 22 normal and 52 malignant nasopharyngeal tissue samples. Distinctive spectral differences in Raman spectra between normal and malignant nasopharyngeal tissues were found, particularly in the spectral ranges of 853, 937, 1094, 1209, 1268, 1290 to 1340, 1579, and 1660 cm −1 , which primarily contain signals related to proteins, DNA, and lipids. Compared to normal tissues, the band intensity located at 853, and 937 cm −1 were significantly lower for cancerous tissues (p<0.05 ), while the band intensity located at 1094, 1209, 1268, and 1579 cm −1 were significantly higher (p<0.05 ). The band intensity located at 1290 to 1340, and 1660 cm −1 were also higher for cancerous tissues; but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05 ). Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) were employed to generate diagnostic algorithms for classification of Raman spectra of the two nasopharyngeal tissue types. The PCA-LDA algorithms together with leave-one-out, cross-validation technique yielded diagnostic sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 82%. This work demonstrated that the Raman spectroscopy technique associated with PCA-LDA diagnostic algorithms has potential for improving the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancers.
Growth in the percentage of male infertility has caused extensive concerns. The fast and reliable method is urgently
required for diagnosis of semen samples. In our study, micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize and
differentiate the normal and abnormal semen samples based on the differences of their specific Raman spectra which
originated from biochemical components. Our preliminary results demonstrate that micro-Raman spectroscopy combined
with multivariate analysis methods has the potential of being used to detect and differentiate semen samples.
The enhancement of evanescent waves in multilayer planar waveguides with a uniaxially anisotropic metamaterials layer
is investigated. Without loss of generality, we assume that the anisotropic metamaterials have an arbitrary angle between
the optical axis and the interface, and then we derive the characteristic equations and the analytical expression of energy
flux of this waveguides. It is found that the enhancement factor increases rapidly at first with increasing of the thickness
of the metamaterials in the case when the optical axis is parallel to or normal to the interface, namely the angle is equal
to 0 or π/2. The enhancement factor eventually reaches its maximum when complete surface polaritons are established at
the boundary between the metamaterials and the cladding [D.-K. Qing, G. Chen, Appl. Phy. Lett. 84(5), 669-671 (2004).].
Numerical results confirm our theoretical analysis.
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and normal Raman spectroscopy of single living human
nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells(CNE-1) were tested and analyzed by gold nanoparticles incubation into cells. The
characteristic Raman bands in the SERS spectra of living cells were tentatively assigned. Six obvious Raman bands
(718, 1001, 1123, 1336, 1446, 1660 cm-1) were observed in the normal Raman spectroscopy of living CNE-1 cells.
Colloidal gold nanoparticles that were introduced inside cells resulted in strongly enhanced Raman signals of the native
chemical constituents of the cells, and over twenty SERS Raman bands were observed in the SERS spectroscopy of
living CNE-1 cells. Four vibrations of the DNA backbone (1026, 1097, 1336 and 1585 cm-1) confirmed that some gold
nanoparticles were able to enter the nucleus. The results showed that, based on colloidal gold, the SERS spectroscopy
might provide a sensitive and structurally selective detecting method for native chemicals inside a cell, such as DNA and
phenylalanine.
In order to develop a novel and simple blood test for non-invasive nasopharyngeal cancer detection, a surface-enhanced
Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was presented for blood plasma biochemical analysis. High quality SERS spectrum
from human plasma-Ag NP mixture can be obtained using a confocal Raman system. SERS measurements were
performed on normal and cancer groups of plasma samples. The measured SERS spectra revealed some specific
biomolecular differences in nasopharyngeal cancer plasma. Principal component analysis of the measured SERS spectra
separated the spectral features of the two groups into two distinct clusters with little overlaps. Linear discriminate
analysis based on the PCA generated features differentiated the nasopharyngeal cancer SERS spectra from normal SERS
spectra with high sensitivity (97.7%) and specificity (100%). The results from this exploratory study illustrated great
promising for developing SERS human plasma analysis into a clinical tool for non-invasive detection of nasopharyngeal
cancers.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignancies in china, with a deep and hidden
localization. Recently, methods for early diagnosis of NPC has become one of the most important research topics in
medical field. Early monitoring of morphological change of NPC cells during the carcinogenesis is of great importance,
and early information extracted from the NPC cells during the initial stage of NPC is critical for diagnosis and treatment.
In this paper, image processing methods for two-photon microscopic image of NPC cells was investigated with the
purpose of providing useful information for early diagnosis and treatment of NPC.
There is abundant information in a two-photon microscopic image of NPC cells, which can be analyzed and processed
by means of computer and image pattern processing algorithm. In this paper, firstly, a mathematical method of transform
of Bottom-hat based on Matlab platform was employed to enhance the image of NPC cells, making the image easier to
distinguish; Then, several classical edge detection algorithms were compared and discussed, for example, Roberts
operator, Prewitt operator, and Canny operator etc. According to the inherent characteristics of two-photon microscopic
image of NPC cells, corrosion algorithm was used to define the edge of NPC cells. Furthermore, the article gets the
iterative threshold segmentation after noise denoising, on the other hand, improved discriminant analysis was adopted for
threshold segmentation of NPC cells, better results were obtained.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most serious diseases which is mostly found in Asia, especially in South China.
Early detection and diagnosis is crucial to effective treatment and can greatly improve survival rate. Recent
developments in tissue spectroscopy may significantly expand our ability to diagnose this tumor rapidly and accurately.
In this work, Raman spectra of nasopharyngeal tissue in vitro were acquired and analyzed with principal component
analysis. Consistent spectral differences appear to exist between normal and cancerous tissue, mainly in five bands
located at 853cm-1, 937cm-1, 1094cm-1, 1260-1340cm-1, 1530-1580 cm-1, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed
using PCA which can easily divide the samples to two groups with a high sensitivity and specificity. The results
presented here demonstrate Raman spectroscopy has the potential ability to detect and diagnose cancerous tissue nondestructively
and rapidly which may be a very helpful diagnosis tool in the future.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the malignant tumors threatening people's health and life which is mostly
found in South China; early diagnosis is crucial to improve the effective treatment and higher survival rates. In this work,
preliminary study on Raman spectra of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro is reported. Spectra were obtained from
normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue which had undergone biopsy for high risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Factors effecting Raman spectra were also studied including sample storage time, spectral accumulation time. The results
show that sample storage time has a negative effect on the measurement while increasing accumulation time does not
appear to improve the spectra quality significantly. Consistent spectral differences appear to exist between normal and
cancerous tissues, mainly in several bands. The results demonstrate Raman spectroscopy has the potential ability to
detect and diagnose cancerous tissues. Future studies will advance toward true in vivo, real time and non-invasively.
This hybrid segmentation algorithm presented is a combination of three traditional methods. It has some advantages that
traditional methods don't have: first, the edge detected is continuous; second, segmentation result is accurate; third,
overgrowing doesn't exist. The hybrid algorithm has been implemented on some images. Through the segmentation result, it is proved to be effective.
Photorejuvenation is a promising technique for esthetics. But evaluating approach for efficacy of photorejuvenation is
relatively behind demand. In this study, after discussion of current techniques, a novel evaluating method for
photorejuvenation which combines reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy is proposed. Laser induced
autofluorescence spectroscopy can be used to detect biochemical information from depth of skin. Tristimulus values
which reflect the color of skin can be obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. So combination of the reflectance and
fluorescence spectrum is expected to be a promising tool for evaluating efficacy of photorejuvenation.
Based on the analysis of skin morphological structure, the mechanism of cutaneous fluorescence emission and diffuse
reflectance formation, a six-layer skin optical model was developed, allowing the variation of blood content in both the
upper blood plexus and the deep blood plexus. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to examine the effect of varying
tissue blood contents on skin fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra. The results demonstrated that (1) Both
fluorescence and reflectance spectrum can reflect changes of blood content in skin tissue; (2) The impact of blood
content in the upper blood plexus on skin spectra intensity is far larger than that in the deep blood plexus, though there
is far less blood in the upper blood plexus; (3) Fluorescence and reflectance spectrum could be used to detect or analyze
changes of blood content in skin tissue, especially for treatment monitoring and for evaluating the severity of skin
diseases that involving the blood plexus or blood pathological changes in the upper dermis.
Raman spectrum of Platymonas subcordiformis was studied by FT-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the
optimum experiment conditions is that making sample lose solvent with centrifuge, excitation laser power for 360mW
and accumulating 70 times. The main peaks of the spectrum are located at 556cm-1, 615cm-1, 880cm-1, 960 cm-1, 1112cm-1, 1457cm-1, 1523cm-1, 2986cm-1, respectively. These peaks can be assigned to protein, instauration acid and
ester, etc., which are the main compositions of Platymonas subcordiformis. The precise measurements of algae Raman
Spectroscopy could be used for biological samples research, such as developing a new optical taxonomic methodology
to distinguish different algae species, and a rapid, non-destructive detection way of stress effects.
Both Raman and infrared spectrum measure vibrational transitions in molecules, so they can detect structure and clinical medical character of material in molecule level. Since human blood keeps in close touch with tissue, it may have some symptoms in the blood when functional disorder happens. For this reason, people have already developed a lot of methods to investigate the feasibility of using it to diagnose and therapy, especially in the orientation of non-invasive measurement. In this paper the principles of two kinds of spectra were analyzed and discussed first, involving the advantages and disadvantages in actual research. Then, according to different composition and research direction of human blood, we introduced the research progress of this field at present. Finally the difficulty we met and the expectation in the future are discussed.
The therapeutic effectiveness of laser-electromagnetism combined therapy in chronic prostatitis is studied. Four patients were treated by irradiating the prostate’s correlative parts and acupoints with 650nm semiconductor laser and pulse electromagnetism respectively. Three of them were recovery and only one was ineffective. This demonstrates the feasibility of using laser-combined electromagnetism for assistant treatment on chronic prostatitis. A further study on combined therapy of chronic prostatitis using 810nm, 650nm semiconductor laser and pulse electromagnetic wave is also introduced.
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