Fluorescence from exciplex formed by N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) and 2-(4-biphenyl)-5- (4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) in inert polymer poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was studied with fluorescence spectra and transient emission decay measurements. Equivalent weight of the donor and acceptor were incorporated into the matrix with various ratio (5 ~ 80 wt%), showing emission composed of exciplex and the donor molecule. Emission decay curves were well fitted with bi-exponential functions which was derived by a model including exciplex decay and back-and-forth transition to non-emissive states as triplex exciplex. Parameters for decay and intersystem crossing and reverse intersystem crossing was obtained. Their dependence on dopant concentrations indicated that the exciplex formation process was strongly affected by nominal intermolecular distance. The results indicated that in highly concentrated films, donor and acceptor in the samples separately made nano-aggregation with the same types of molecules.
Recently, many kinds of biological materials attract attention not only for bio- and medical applications but also for electronic and/or photonic devices as new renewable resources. Biomaterials such as DNA are basically insulating and transparent in original forms not being adequate for such industrial application. The drawbacks of DNA was overcome by complexation with other organic molecules in various fashions thanks to its highly complex and organized structure. DNA, only soluble in water, can be coupled to cationic surfactants, transforming it into hydrophobic polymer complex which can be easily dissolved in organic solvents and processed into thin films accompanying other compounds. Previously, we fabricated the bilayer devices composed of PMMA layer containing an azobenzene derivative and a cyanine dye doped DNA complex layer, and demonstrated laser wavelength tuning. Recently, we prepared single layer films composed of DNA-CTMA, azo polymer having push-pull substituents where laser dye were doped later with an immersion method. By choosing adequate combination of laser and azo dyes in order to eliminate or reduce the reabsorption of amplified photons, we have confirmed amplified spontaneous emission from the system through spectral line narrowing and superlinear dependence of light emission on pump intensity. Lasing and its wavelength tuning for the film were succeeded with a relatively compact optics of 10 cm dimension which is manipulatable by one mechanical knob. For further improvement, development of optimized materials is very important issue. We have synthesized an azocarbazole molecule with a cationic alkyl chain being able to couple to anionic sites of DNA. The results on photoinduced birefringence of the material will be described at the conference.
In order to realize a simple and small sized tunable laser with biomaterial based thin films, azo molecule Disperse Red 1 (DR1) was incorporated into DNA-surfactant complex with several fashions. Large photoinduced response with was observed under cw green laser excitation. With introducing a laser dye into blend films composed of DR1-copolymer and DNA complex by immersing them into dye solutions, we succeeded in the demonstration of laser oscillation with low pumping energy and quick tuning with a simple mechanical operation. For improvement of the film quality, a new surfactant including azocarbazole dye was synthesized, showing comparable laser induced birefringence.
With an aim to fabricate wavelength tunable thin laser films, monolithic DNA complex layers including azo and laser dyes were prepared. Azo dyes, DO3 and DR1, were incorporated into the complex layer as guests dispersed in the host. A laser dye, Rhodamine 6G was added to the DO3 doped film by immersion method, demonstrating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the single layered film under the excitation at 532nm. Threshold energy density was determined to be 2mJ/cm2 which was the twice of the counterpart without DO3. It was also found that photo-response of the azos in DNA complex was very weak via experiments of photoinduced birefringence and photoinduced transparency. Instead, a blend of the complex and a PMMA based copolymer with DR1 side chain showed strong photo-isomerization response, which will be applicable to dye doping for laser action.
An azo dye DR1 was incorporated into DNA complex (DNA-CTMA) films as a guest dispersed in the host or as a copolymer (pDR1) side chain blended with the complex. Although the guest did not show photo-isomerization response, DR1 side chain in the blend showed photo-induced birefringence and photo-induced transparency under the excitation at 532 nm. Several cationic dyes were incorporated into pDR1/DNA-CTMA films with immersion method. Rhodamine 640 perchlorate showed amplified spontaneous emission with the excitation above 10mJ/cm2 by a pulsed laser of 532 nm.
Azobenzene derivatives in or bound to polymer show photoinduced birefringence and dichroism under polar light excitation through trans-cis isomerization and following reorientation of the molecules, sometimes being succeeded by macroscopic deformation as surface reliefs. In general, the transition process begins with the angular hole burning due to selective isomerization of the molecules aligned parallel to the light field, being followed by directionally random molecular reorientation in relaxation. As most of preceding studies were made with optical Kerr effect and four wave mixing, signal intensities reflected the difference between two index components and two regions, respectively, making it difficult to discriminate the temporal evolution of respective optical constant components.
In this study, to elaborate the elementary processes, simple material system as DR1 doped PMMA was employed and in situ measurement of absorption spectrum and its polarization dependence were made under and after the excitation with linearly polarized light. The results indicated that the absorbance reduced strongly when the probe light was parallel to the pump, and that in perpendicular direction it also reduced with one-thirds amount of the counterpart. It showed that the angular hole burning process was dominant and reorientation effect made less contribution to the dichroism, contrary to common understanding. Estimation of extinction coefficient modulation caused by both mechanisms was made based on a simple model. Quantum efficiency of photoisomerization, longtime stability, dye concentration dependence, comparison to induced birefringence, and comparison between doped polymer and side chain polymer will be discussed.
Trivalent cerium is an important luminescent center giving light emission in short wavelength region depending on host materials. Sol–gel formed silica glass is an ideal matrix due to its high transparency, robustness, and low-temperature processability, but the emission from cerium in silica matrix is often mixed up with that from defects in the matrix, making it difficult to obtain well-determined characteristics. Bright emission from Ce ions peaking at about 400 nm was observed in sol–gel silica glasses synthesized with aluminum co-dopant. From luminescence decay time, the origin was confirmed to be d−f transition in trivalent Ce. From dependence of emission characteristics and UV absorbance on aluminum concentration, it was found that the co-dopant plays an important role to convert the optically inactive tetravalent ions to emissive trivalent state.
Strong fluorescence enhancement is induced for many organic dye systems by the coupling to DNA or DNA-surfactant complex, prompting the development of thin film laser devices. Since fluorescence characteristics of the dyes are very sensitive to the interaction mode, it is worthwhile to elaborate their optical properties when interacting with DNA and its complexes. In this study, absorption and circular dichroic (CD) spectra were examined for solutions dissolving hemicyanines and DNA or its complex, and the details of laser emission were studied with the complex films prepared by different methods. Absorption spectra for the dyes changed remarkably by the interaction with pure DNA, while DNA-complex caused blue shift in fluorescence emission process. Clear Cotton effect in induced CD spectra in the dye absorption band indicated the direct interaction with pure DNA presumably due to groove binding. Meanwhile, relatively weak CD signal from the dyes mixed with DNA-complex suggested indirect interaction mode between them. Laser oscillation properties depended on the film formation method. Recently-developed ‘immersion’ process provided thin film devices which showed strong laser emission under optical pumping with population grating. Initial output intensity was two orders of magnitude greater than that from conventionally prepared films. Low threshold and long durability of the immersion made devices were obtained in three types of hemicyanine dyes, making them promising for future application.
DNA based thin film dye laser is one of promising optical devices for future technology. Laser oscillation and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) were demonstrated by hemicyanine-doped DNA complex films prepared with ‘immersion method’ as well as those made by a conventional way. In the immersion process, DNA-surfactant complex films were stained by immersion into an acetone solution including the dyes. In this study, three types of hemicyanines were incorporated with both methods, and laser oscillation was achieved with optically induced population grating formed in all of the complex films. The laser threshold values for six cases ranged in 0.07 – 0.18 mJ/cm2 , which was close to the best values made in DNA complex matrices. Continual pumping showed that laser oscillation persisted for 4 – 10 minutes. Immersion process gave superior laser capability especially for output efficiency over the conventional counterparts.
Rare earths in glass matrices are promising for active optical devices as amplifiers and lasers. Emission originating from d-f transitions in sol-gel glass has not been studied very often, while those based on f-f transitions were widely utilized. However, d-f emission in rare earths is very important because of their strong oscillator strength and broad emission widths suitable for the application to scintillators and solid-state lasers. Co-doping of aluminum in sol-gel synthesis was known to be effective for the emission enhancement of trivalent terbium and europium. Recently, we applied aluminum co-doping to cerium and europium systems in sol-gel glass to succeed in the observation of strong blue light emission originating from d-f transitions. Glass samples were prepared with conventional sol-gel process where tetramethylorthosilicate was hydrolyzed in the mixture of water, ethanol and dimethylformamide with nitric acid catalyst. After adding cerium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, the solution experienced drying followed by calcination at 1,050°C under air environment. When molar ratio of cerium to silicon was adjusted at 0.1% and Al concentration was varied in 0.1 ~ 2.0%, transparent glass products showed bright and broad blue photoluminescence under UV illumination. The fluorescence lifetimes were found to be about 50 ~ 90 ns, indicating that the emission was due to d-f transitions. Considering the simplicity of the process, blue phosphors based on sol-gel glass will be very promising for future applications.
After the invention of DNA-surfactant films and the proposal of dye doping into them by Ogata, many applications were demonstrated. Among them tunable thin film laser is one of the most attractive functional devices. Development and progress in DNA based lasers after the first observation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) by us has been reviewed in a former paper published in 2011.1 In this proceeding, progresses in the subsequent half a decade are described.
Fluorescence yields of many organic dyes are enhanced via incorporation into DNA-surfactant complex which also extends the lifetime of the dyes. We have developed wavelength tunable lasers with hemicyanine dyes embedded in DNAcetyltrimethylammonium (DNA-CTMA). A couple of methods were applied to the dye doping, leading to different modes of interaction with DNA or its complex. Even though optical properties depended on the material structure reflecting preparation method, dyes showed good performance as laser media in various cases. Therefore, it is important to study the details of their interaction mechanism and the effects on their lasing performance. In order to investigate the interaction mode, three types of dyes were employed, that is, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)stylyl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (DMASMPI or p-Hemi1), 2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (o-Hemi1), and 2-(4- dimethylaminostyryl)-1-ethylquinolinium iodide (Quinaldine Red). Strong fluorescence enhancement and spectral shift of the dyes interacting with DNA in water suggested the importance of direct binding to DNA, while the dyes showed strongest fluorescence emission without significant spectral shift when interacting with DNA-CTMA in ethanol. The facts implied that multiple origins of fluorescence enhancement could be applicable to build up lasers. DNA-CTMA thin films incorporating the dyes were fabricated with several different methods aiming to control the interaction modes of the dye. p-Hemi1 doped thin films with 'immersion method' gave light amplification and laser oscillations in the range 590-620nm under optical pumping. The films operated more than 1 hour before the output stimulated emission diminished, showing strong durability of the dye in the complex.
In order to analyze the spectra of inseparable chemical mixtures, many mathematical methods have been developed to decompose them into the components relevant to species from series of spectral data obtained under different conditions. We formulated a method based on singular value decomposition (SVD) of linear algebra, and applied it to two example systems of organic dyes, being successful in reproducing absorption spectra assignable to cis/trans azocarbazole dyes from the spectral data after photoisomerization and to monomer/dimer of cyanine dyes from those during photodegaradation process. For the example of photoisomerization, polymer films containing the azocarbazole dyes were prepared, which have showed updatable holographic stereogram for real images with high performance. We made continuous monitoring of absorption spectrum after optical excitation and found that their spectral shapes varied slightly after the excitation and during recovery process, of which fact suggested the contribution from a generated photoisomer. Application of the method was successful to identify two spectral components due to trans and cis forms of azocarbazoles. Temporal evolution of their weight factors suggested important roles of long lifetimed cis states in azocarbazole derivatives. We also applied the method to the photodegradation of cyanine dyes doped in DNA-lipid complexes which have shown efficient and durable optical amplification and/or lasing under optical pumping. The same SVD method was successful in the extraction of two spectral components presumably due to monomer and H-type dimer. During the photodegradation process, absorption magnitude gradually decreased due to decomposition of molecules and their decaying rates strongly depended on the spectral components, suggesting that the long persistency of the dyes in DNA-complex related to weak tendency of aggregate formation.
Hemicyanine dyes are promising materials for solid-state tunable dye lasers because of their high activity for light
amplification and superior durability under optical pumping when doped in DNA-surfactant complexes. A hemicyanine
with a long alkyl chain, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)stylyl]-1-dococylpyridium bromide (DMASDPB or Hemi22) has been
incorporated in the complex films prepared with various methods, demonstrating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE),
laser oscillation and its wavelength tuning. While these achievements have seemed to confirm the importance of
intercalation or groove-binding of the dyes to DNA strand, our recent studies for the hemicyanine and other dyes
suggested that the influence from surfactant molecules was more essential than that from DNA structure. Considering
that dye-DNA interaction mode may strongly depend on the size and structure of the dye molecules, another
hemicyanine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)stylyl]-1-methylpyridium iodide (DMASMPI or Hemi1) with methyl substituent
instead of C22 of Hemi22, was employed as dopant in the complex for comparison. DMASMPI-doped-complex films
prepared by the same method also showed ASE under optical pumping with a threshold value nearly identical to that for
DMASDPB, suggesting common interaction feature. On the other hand, the dye had high solubility in water and gave
fluorescence enhancement when dissolved in aqueous solution with DNA, indicating direct interaction between the dye
and DNA double strand.
An alternative fabrication method for dye-doped DNA-surfactant complex films was developed and amplified
spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing under low energy optical pumping were demonstrated. In this new preparation
technique, thin DNA-cethyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) complex films made by a spin coating method were stained
with a hemicyanine dye by soaking them in acetone solution of the dye for one day. Molar ratio of the dye to DNA base
pair for the final products was estimated to be 0.2, the value was much higher than those achieved via usual mixing
method. ASE threshold value under pumping of a pulsed frequency-doubled YAG laser was about 0.3 mJ/cm2. Laser
emission was also attained under the excitation with two interfering beams forming a dynamic grating of gain
coefficient. Durability test indicated that 70% of their initial performance was maintained after 1 hour of continuous
pumping. The technique was applied to water soluble dyes because the DNA complex was insoluble to water as well as
acetone. We employed anionic Eosin Y dye, succeeding in sample formation and ASE emission. Different types of
surfactants were also complexed with DNA, showing variation of emission peak wavelength. These results give a clue
about the structure of the complex or interaction modes between DNA and surfactants, strongly suggesting that dye
molecules are not intercalated into nor bound to DNA double strand directly, but are incorporated in the complex system
via ion-exchange process or aggregating with cationic surfactants.
Following former report in Optics Express 21, 19880, (2013), we present here a prototype mobile updatable holographic
display system using a holographic stereographic technique with a transparent optical device of PMMA doped organic
monolithic compound. 50 or 100 elemental holograms which are a series of pictures of object took from different angles
can completely reproduce updatable entire hologram of object. Immediately after recording one holographic stereogram,
another holographic stereogram can be over-recorded without erasing. Recorded updatable 3D hologram can be viewable
for up to a couple of hours directly on a device without any eye glasses and other tools to magnify images. Hologram can
be easily refreshed by overwriting without erasing process. Large size and improved holographic device is also
presented.
Interaction of some organic dyes with DNA induces fluorescence enhancement through intercalation or groove binding, stimulating the development of compact tunable thin-film dye lasers. We have demonstrated amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), laser emission and its tuning via distributed feedback (DFB) with a dynamic grating formed in DNA-surfactant complexes doped with cyanine or hemicyanine dyes. The formation of semi-persistent (or quasi-dynamic) grating is more preferable in order to realize stable and easily tunable laser sources, so we fabricated bi-layered devices composed of a DNA-CTMA layer doped with pyridine 1 (Py1) and an PMMA layer including an azo dye, Disperse Red 1 (DR1). Under simultaneous excitation of the azo layer with interfering two beams for grating formation and the emission layer with another beam as pumping, we observed laser emission from the device. The oscillation wavelength was controlled by varying the incident beam angles allowing the fast tuning suitable to applications. Furthermore, monolithic DNA device having two functions of lasing and grating formation would be more promising. DNA-CTMA complex had been considered to be a poor matrix for grating inscription, but we found that doping of an azo-carbazole compound made it possible to inscribe gratings with relatively high diffraction efficiency and with fast response which could be applicable to monolithic tunable laser system.
Grating inscription in azo-dye doped polymers is an interesting phenomenon because of its high diffraction performance and applicability to real-time 3D displays. Although some of these materials were investigated under no external electric field with symmetric optical alignments in preceding studies, they often showed a phase shift of periodic modulation of refractive index from the interference fringe formed by irradiation beams, resulting in asymmetric energy exchange between two coupled beams. The mechanism of the behavior has been usually attributed to the molecular motions triggered by trans-cis isomerization, but their details are still unknown. Therefore, studies on temporal evolution of the process and their translation into physical meaning are necessary. In order to investigate the evolution of grating inscription and phase shift, several methods have been developed. In this study, we analyzed the coupled wave equations proposed by Kogelnik, and derived general solution applicable to the system with both phase and amplitude gratings with arbitrary phase relationship. We showed that the analysis based on the equation can give a direct evidence of the phase shift between the phase and amplitude gratings if it exists. This method was applied to the fringe pattern inscribed in thick films of PMMA doped with an azo-carbazole dye, showing that observed signals indicated the phase deviation between two types of gratings.
We succeeded to observe fluorescence enhancement and tunable laser emission from spin coated films of DNAcetyltrimetylammonium
(CTMA) complex doped with weakly fluorescent cyanine dyes, DiQC2(1) and DiQC2(3) which
were optically excited by interfering two beams forming a induced dynamic grating. Wavelength tuning of the laser
emission was achieved by varying the angle between the pumping beams determining the grating period on the film.
Degradation processes of the dye-doped films of DNA complex and PMMA were investigated and compared by
monitoring absorption spectra after continuous excitation with a pulsed laser. Roles of DNA for fluorescence
enhancement and improved durability were confirmed for these cyanine dyes.
An azo-carbazole dye, 3-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-9H-carbazole-9-ethanol (NACzEtOH), and its relatives doped in polyacrylate
films have been known to show ‘photorefractive’ effect without external electric field even in symmetric optical
alignment. We have already observed strong energy transfer due to phase-shifted grating by two-beam coupling
experiments made for NACzEtOH doped PMMA films. Although the operation mechanism is still unknown, the high
efficiency of diffraction is very promising for the application to real-time holography. For the convenience of analysis,
we modified Kogelnik’s theory for thick grating by correcting the constraint condition and applied it to evaluate
refractive index modulation and other parameters quantitatively. In order to clarify the operation mechanism, we
conducted the writing and erasing of gratings by using red and green laser beams and analyzed the diffraction magnitude
and response dynamics, showing that the response time strongly depended on the writing wavelength, and that the
grating formation and its phase shift were not always synchronized.
We succeeded to generate tunable laser emissions from hemicyanine dye, (4-[4-(dimethylamino)stylyl]-1-
dococylpyridnium bromide) doped in DNA-surfactant complex through three methods. First, we constructed Littrow
type cavity containing hemicyanine and DNA-CTMA complex solutions and observed tunable laser oscillation. Next, we
showed a tunable laser oscillation from ethanol solutions of hemicyanine and DNA-CTMA complex under pumping of
two interfering beams which formed a distributed feedback grating of population. Finally, we fabricated a thin film
composed of hemicyanine and DNA-CTMA complex, and demonstrated tunable laser oscillation under pumping with
two interfering beams. We evaluated the durability of the tunable thin film laser by continuous operation, and confirmed
the lifetime of more than one hour.
We employed biopolymer DNA as a template to form J-aggregates of pseudoisocyanine (PIC), and succeeded to
optimize the conditions for their formation in solutions and solid films. The optical characteristics of J-aggregates were
investigated by absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroic (CD) spectra. For both films and solutions,
polyvinylalcohol (PVA) introduced as a matrix for the films was proved to play a role to improve the film quality. We
prepared the samples of several types of cyanine dyes systematically, finding the relationship among the molecular
conjugated length and effects from the interaction with DNA. These results show possibility of application of
J-aggregate into novel optical devices requiring optical nonlinearity or superradiant behavior.
Interactions with double strand structure of DNA enhance or modify the optical characteristics of organic dyes through
its influences on electronic and structural properties. We investigated the absorption and emission spectra of several
types of water soluble cyanine dyes, showing that the quite low concentration of DNA has large effects on the aggregate
behaviors of the dyes in solutions and complex films. This effect was applied to control the J-aggregate formation of
pseudo-isocyanine dye, demonstrating the J-aggregate spectra in solutions and polymer films with rather low
concentration of the dyes. These results were important for realization of novel optical devices such as solid state dye
laser and nonlinear optical switches incorporating DNA and other relating materials.
DNA-CTMA or DNA-CTMA-PMMA films have been studied as a potential material for waveguide type thin-film
photonic devices such as dye-doped thin film lasers, optical waveguide amplifiers, or optical waveguide switches. For
the purpose of evaluate processability, not only optical characteristics of the fluorescence intensity but also moisture
resistance of the film have been investigated. It is found that optical characteristics of those films are equally matched to
the conventional DNA-CTMA films with better moisture resistivity. Waveguide fabrication experiments by using
DNA-CTMA-PMMA films showed good moisture resistant nature and processability.
Because the fluorescence from organic dye is enhanced when it is intercalated or bound to DNA double strands, a lot of studies on optical amplification and lasing have been made. In this study, we investigated the optical and lasing properties of several cyanine dyes incorporated in DNA in solution and complex films. At first, we confirmed that the addition of DNA into dye solutions strongly enhances the fluorescence intensity, and also affects the degree of molecular aggregation. We fabricated the films composed of DNA, dye, and lipid by two methods, and observed the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) under the excitation of 532 nm laser pulses with sub-mJ energy. We also made a thin film DFB dye laser by forming DNA/dye/lipid films on a grating plate, from which a laser action was observed under optical pumping.
Second harmonic generation (SHG) was observed from yttrium orthochromite (YCrO3) crystals with centrosymmetric structure. The origin of the SHG was determined to be a magnetic-dipole transition considering the resonant structure of SHG spectra and its polarization dependence. The intensity of SHG shows the drastic change at the Néel temperature under magnetic field and this fact suggests the effects from magnetic ordering. Along with the spectrum of the SHG intensity, phase of the nonlinear susceptibility was measured by analyzing the polarization characteristics of superposed fields from the sample and reference. The result shows that axial i-type χ(2) value is pure imaginary at the peak wavelength. Gallium ferrite (GaFeO3) has simultaneously four types of nonlinear optical tensors including polar i-, axial i-, polar c- and axial c-types. We observed SHG originating from c-type components by employing the experimental configuration where each contribution is separable. Structures of spectra and their relation to magnetic properties are discussed.
Several class of dyes doped in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) derived from salmon show enhancement of fluorescence due to suppression of molecular aggregation. Also, some recent studies support electric conduction in DNA strands. Combination of these properties suggests the possibility to develop organic LED devices (OLED) based on biopolymer systems. Furthermore, the electroluminescence (EL) effect can be employed as a probe for electrical and optical properties of DNA. We fabricated OLED devices based on DNA- lipid complex and dopant dyes (ethidium bromide and fluorescein). Devices are composed of hole injection layer, dye-doped DNA-lipid layer and electrodues. OLED with ethidium bromide doped DNA showed LED emission under DC bias, but the origin of the emission was tris-(8- hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III)(Alq3) which was employed as an electron transporter. The current-voltage characteristics of the devices show apparent rectification behavior. From these experimental results, it is confirmed that DNA transports hole current under external DC bias. When employing fluorescein as a dopant in DNA and fabricating the devices without Alq3 layer, we observed emission from the dyes incorporated in DNA. Although the origins of the emission centers in spectra are not clear, it shows that the DNA-lipid complex will be basically applicable to OLED if additional improvements are made.
We observed amplified spontaneous emission (laser action without cavities) from several kinds of dyes doped in films of salmon DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) derivatives. We employed laser dye Rhodamine-6G, Pyrromethene 556, and nonlinear optical dye DMASDPB for dopants. Most of sample films with several micrometers thickness were prepared as follows: 1) DNA aqueous solution was mixed with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride aqueous solution. 2) precipitated DNA-lipid complex and dyes were dissolved in ethanol or chloroform. 3) Films were formed on substrates by casting from the solution. The amplified spontaneous emission was observed when the films were pumped with a nanosecond laser of 532 nm at the intensity above a threshold value. Spectral narrowing occurred at the threshold energy, and it was accompanied with superlinear dependence of the emission intensity on the pumping intensity. Dye molecules in DNA films can be intercalated in the double helix structure. Because molecules are separated form one another, it is possible to increase chromophore concentration without fluorescence quenching due to aggregation. Furthermore, it is known that DNA shows a good conducting property. We will discuss the possibility of optical and electronic devices utilizing these characteristics.
Strong photoluminescence was observed from nominally pure lanthanum aluminate crystals and related materials with perovskite structure in a visible and ultraviolet wavelength regions. Single crystals of RAlO3 (R equals La, Y, Nd, Sm) were grown with a floating-zone method in reduced atmosphere. Photoluminescence from as-grown LaAlO3 single crystals was composed of a fast ultraviolet component and a broad visible emission. From the lifetime measurement, absorption spectra, excitation spectrum, and comparison between samples as-grown and annealed in oxygen, we assigned the visible component to the emission from excited state formed at oxygen defect sites because the emission was strongly suppressed with oxidation. On the other hand, the UV emission was assigned to band-to-band emission or emission from polaron pairs. Similar two components were observed in YAlO3 crystals at longer wavelength region than in LaAlO3. Fast UV emission was observed also in NdAlO3 and SmAlO3. Because it is possible to make some perovskite crystals electrically conductive by varying the concentration of dopants, the combination of luminescence and electrical conductivity in perovskite oxides make them auspicious materials for novel optoelectronic devices. Our results show the possibility of light-emitting devices made of perovskite aluminate crystals.
A high optical quality Rhodamine 6G doped low melting temperature fluorophosphate glass was obtained. The glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, melting temperature, refractive index, and chemical durability in the water were examined. The absorption spectra, excitation spectra, and emission spectra of the Rhodamine 6G in the low melting temperature fluorophosphate glasses were investigated. The effect of melting time of Rhodamine 6G in the glass on the spectral properties was investigated. The results indicate that this low melting temperature glass is a promising host for laser dyes. The aggregation and degradation of Rhodamine 6G were significantly diminished in this low melting temperature glass.
We study the emission properties of various laser cavities under pulsed optical excitation of the active semiconducting conjugated polymer material. Physical origin, magnitude, and dynamics of optical gain in these novel active laser materials are discussed leading to a selection of suitable cavity configurations for laser applications. We demonstrate laser action for various planar and ring resonator configurations that can be achieved in the regimes of transient inversion and quasi stationary excitation of the polymer material pumping with femtosecond and nanosecond pulses, respectively.
We observed laser emission in whispering gallery modes using a microring composed of a light-emitting semiconducting polymer poly[2,5-bis-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p- phenylenevinylene] (BEH-PPV) coated on an etched fiber under transient and quasi steady-state pumping conditions. The threshold for laser oscillation was 1 mJ/cm2 (0.1 MW/cm2) and 30 (mu) J/cm2 (300 MW/cm2) for nanosecond and femtosecond excitation, respectively. The laser output showed superlinear dependence on the excitation energy above the threshold. The demonstration of lasing under quasi steady-state pumping shows the possibility to develop electrically pumped polymer lasers. Preliminary results on the line narrowing in tripheny dilamine (TPD) films under nanosecond optical pumping are also presented. 23
In this paper, we present two techniques for fabricating efficient and bright organic light emitting devices. The first technique allows for an enhancement in the electron injection process. This is accomplished through inserting a layer of LiF with appropriate thickness between the cathode and a quinacridone doped organic layer. Devices with an Al/LiF cathode demonstrated a luminance in excess of 20,000 cd/m2 and an external quantum efficiency of 3 percent, which is comparable to devices with a Mg/LiF cathode. These devices show maximum luminance of 45,000 cd/m2 prior to failure in continuous bias operation. In the second technique, partially ionized beam deposition was utilized in the fabrication process of organic electroluminescent devices. Preliminary results indicate that devices fabricated with this technique are more efficient and brighter than similar devices fabricated with the traditional thermal evaporation process.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.