The optical transfer function (MTF) has been widely used in the design and manufacture of optical system. The area under the MTF curve can show image quality of the optical system directly. However, for a long time, as the evaluation remained at the qualitative level, it has little value in practice. When the author started the research of MTF curve integral calculation method, no related literatures were available.
With the aid of the OSLO optical design software, optimized optical system structure and corresponding MTF curve discrete data are obtained by means of iterative optimization with the software. Then, the original MTF curve data are fit by MATLAB software and the integral result of the curve is calculated through the relevant numerical method. With the software programmed by the authors, the subjects planned to be evaluated can be ranked in order of image quality automatically. This method can be used as a criterion for evaluating image quality. Application cases show that the evaluation methodology proposed by author is reliable and can be easily operated. This method is supposed to bring about a new way to evaluate the image quality of optical system with the MTF curve.
The principles of ergonomics design in fundus cameras should be extending the agreeableness by
automatic control. Firstly, a 3D positional numerical control system is designed for positioning the
eye pupils of the patients who are doing fundus examinations. This system consists of a
electronically controlled chin bracket for moving up and down, a lateral movement of binocular
with the detector and the automatic refocusing of the edges of the eye pupils. Secondly, an
auto-focusing device for the object plane of patient’s fundus is designed, which collects the
patient’s fundus images automatically whether their eyes is ametropic or not. Finally, a moving
visual target is developed for expanding the fields of the fundus images.
A second parallel CCD (CMOS) imaging system for an telescope objective with the fixed D/f' is
proposed in detail. As a direct imaging system that the CCD target surface coincides with the
imaging surface of the telescope objective, it shows the outstanding performance of more than
doubled resolution compared with the ordinary telescope objective under the same D/f'. Based on
the discussions about the second parallel optical path telescope system, three design examples are
compared and analyzed. The relation between the optical properties of image field and the optical
elements of the second parallel path is clarified, which provides an operable method for readers.
This practice has proved the outstanding performance of the new telescope objective
photoelectronic imaging system which indicates potential applications in broad scientific and
industrial prospects.
Nowadays, the monocular zoom video microscope is one of the most widely used detection equipment at mainstream position in the electronics industry. The front objective of this kind of microscope is conducive to the development of its magnification. At present, the mainly similar products design out by non-coaxial system, whose optical axis between front objective and objective is uncoaxial, this method with the aid of the front objective in the Stereo microscope. However, the front objective is using coaxial system in monocular zoom microscope actually. So, Tailor-made a front objective of zoom microscope is imperative. At first, we point out this unique design idea form the special imaging relationship between front objective and objective in zoom microscope .And then we choose the position of entrance pupil、numerical aperture and the layout. At last we enumerated examples which zoom the magnification in, and analyze the design methods of the similarities and differences.
The cables in anchorage zone of cable-stayed bridge are hidden within the embedded pipe, which leads
to the difficulty for detecting the damage of the cables with visual inspection. We have built a detection
device based on high-resolution video capture, realized the distance observing of invisible segment of
stay cable and damage detection of outer surface of cable in the small volume. The system mainly
consists of optical stents and precision mechanical support device, optical imaging system, lighting
source, drived motor control and IP camera video capture system. The principal innovations of the
device are ⑴A set of telescope objectives with three different focal lengths are designed and used in
different distances of the monitors by means of converter. ⑵Lens system is far separated with lighting
system, so that the imaging optical path could effectively avoid the harsh environment which would be
in the invisible part of cables. The practice shows that the device not only can collect the clear
surveillance video images of outer surface of cable effectively, but also has a broad application
prospect in security warning of prestressed structures.
KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Light sources and illumination, LED lighting, Control systems, Optical sensors, Environmental sensing, Signal detection, Data acquisition, LED displays, Solar energy
As a new generation energy-saving lighting source, LED is applied widely in various technology and industry fields.
The requirement of its adaptive lighting technology is more and more rigorous, especially in the automatic on-line
detecting system. In this paper, a closed loop feedback LED adaptive dimming lighting system based on incremental PID
controller is designed, which consists of MEGA16 chip as a Micro-controller Unit (MCU), the ambient light sensor
BH1750 chip with Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), and constant-current driving circuit. A given value of light intensity
required for the on-line detecting environment need to be saved to the register of MCU. The optical intensity, detected
by BH1750 chip in real time, is converted to digital signal by AD converter of the BH1750 chip, and then transmitted to
MEGA16 chip through I2C serial bus. Since the variation law of light intensity in the on-line detecting environment is
usually not easy to be established, incremental Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) algorithm is applied in this
system. Control variable obtained by the incremental PID determines duty cycle of Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).
Consequently, LED's forward current is adjusted by PWM, and the luminous intensity of the detection environment is
stabilized by self-adaptation. The coefficients of incremental PID are obtained respectively after experiments. Compared
with the traditional LED dimming system, it has advantages of anti-interference, simple construction, fast response, and
high stability by the use of incremental PID algorithm and BH1750 chip with I2C serial bus. Therefore, it is suitable for
the adaptive on-line detecting applications.
Spheroidal graphite cast iron,with excellent mechanical properties,is widely used in manufacturing many advanced
castings,such as crankshaft,gears,pistons,and a variety of machine parts.Its microstructure morphology reflects the
quality performance of the products,which leads to an urgent need for a simple,accurate and automatic microstructure
morphology detection technique for detecting the quality of spheroidal graphite cast iron.In this paper,opto-electrical
detection technique is employed for designing a spheroidal graphite cast iron microstructure automatic detection
system,in which the microstructure is imaged by optical microscopy system,and the digital images are obtained by
industrial cameras and sent to the computer.A series of digital image processing algorithms,including gray transformation,
binarization,edge detection,image morphology and seed filling etc,are adopted to calculate and analyze the
microstructure images.The morphology and microstructure analysis methods are combined to obtain the characteristic
parameters such as the size of the graphite,the ball classification,the number of graphite nodules and so on.The
experiment results show that this method is simple,fast,and accurate and can be employed for assessment of the
spheroidal graphite cast iron metallographic phase instead of manual detection.
The light-section method for roughness measurement is one of the most classical measuring methods. According to
light-section method which combine visual observation with photomicrography for testing surface roughness, domestic
type of 9J is a traditional device. The surface roughness photoelectric inspection instrument which designed by the
authors are also based on the theory of light-section, which integrates subjects of optics, mechanical, electronics and
calculation. Surface roughness of object image can be obtained on the CCD sensor through the optical system. Using the
autonomous software in the computer, the average height of workpiece unevenness Ra value can be measured and read
in the monitor. Therefor, surface roughness level can be obtained. In order to design the optical system of device, there
are three main aspects which should be finished: 1.Start with requirements of detective object, according to the detective
range from Ra12.5 to Ra0.04 ruled by CNS(China National Standards) GB3505-83 the Surface Roughness Term Surface
and the Parameters ,parameters on β(magnify power), NA(numerical aperture), WD(work distance), filed of object etc
are defined and optimized. Meanwhile, good complementation and compatibility are noticed among three kinds
magnification objectives. 2. Special type infinity image distance double telecentricity optical system is constructed. The
main point is to design a set of objectives of long WD and infinity image distance flat field semi-apochromat. 3. How to
match and optimize the CCD image sensor and lens.
Kohler illumination is the typical concentrated illumination system of microscope, and is widely used in all kinds of
microscopes. Because the conjugate distance of large NA(numerical aperture) kohler illumination system is long, the
application of it in general metalloscope is restricted. With the purpose of coordinating the contradiction between them, a
kind of large NA and special type vertical kohler illumination is explored according to the optical principle of kohler
illumination. Practice has proved that the system can get the same good performance with traditional kohler illumination
system. However, the optical tube length and the number of lens of the system are about half of that of the typical
structure, and they have higher performance-cost ratio. This paper also introduced a creation design of focal distance
offset amount of the annular lens light group using OSLO optical software, and it can be used for dark light group critical
lighting through the method of calculating annular lens. The light group has fairly good adaptability with optical
properties of the objective, providing a maneuverability practical method of designing refractive dark field critical
illumination.
Based on the optical apochromatic system theory and referencing photographic objective to make similar innovation, the
middle and low power apochromatic metallographic microobjective is constructed. In the design of low power objective,
triplet photographic objective(+, -, +) is transplanted and applied to 5×objective. Referencing parameters of Orthometar
processor objective and complication of triplet graphic objective are applied to middle power objective. The 8× and 10×
objectives with flat-field and apochromatic can be designed successfully using iterative optimization in OSLO.
In the digital imaging system, how to achieve automatic focusing rapidly and efficiently is one of key researches on
imaging system. The stepping motor subdivision technique is introduced into automatic focusing system in this paper,
and quick large range focusing strategy with combination of coarse tuning and trimming is presented, applying focusing
system to high power objective lens of more minimal depth of field, further enlarging the application range of automatic
focusing. Finally after experimental verification, the requirements of large range, high precision, quick focusing are met
in the system which has wide application.
Although the New Vickers Hardness Tester has integrated with today's high and new technologies, and has been digitalized, automated, intellectualized, and gradually developed into a video-based photoelectric detector, one of the key technologies still be the advanced Optical Imaging Technology. Putting this technology into use, an Optical Image Acquisition System with fine image quality can be designed and created. The key technologies of Vickers Hardness
Tester are discussed in this paper with an example of Anchor Clamp Hardness Photoelectric Detection System including the Special Infinite Image Distance Optical System and Image Processing Software. A Special Infinite Image Distance Optical System composed of high amplification Semi-apochromatic Microscope Objective lens with Flat-field and long working distance and Photographic Objective lens is designed, and taking the advantage of optical device based on the Special Infinite Image Distance Optical System, the image of the shape of impression of a diamond cone can easily be
acquired when it is pressed into Anchor Clamp. Indention image processing are carried out through the self-designed Image Processing Software. At present, this system has been successfully applied to Anchor Clamp Hardness On-line Lossless Automatic Detection Apparatus.
Online detecting is increasingly used in industrial process for the requirement of product quality improving. It is a trend
that the "machine detecting" with "machine version + computer intelligence" as new method replaces traditional manual
"eye observation". The essential of "machine detecting" is that image of object being collected with high resolution
video lens on sensor panel of photoelectric (CCD ,CMOS) and detecting result being automatically gained by computer
after the image saved and processed. "Machine detecting" is developing rapidly with the universal reception by
enterprises because of its fine accurateness, high efficiency and the real time. Video lens is one of the important
components of machine version system. Requirements of wide field and high resolution enlarged the complexity of
video lens design. In this paper a design case used in visible light with field diameter Φ32mm, β=-0.25× and NA'=0.15.
We give design parameters of the video lens which obtained with theoretically calculating and Oslo software
optimization: MTF>0.3 in full field and 215lp/mm, distortion <0.05%.This lens has an excellent optic performance to
match with 1.3 million pixels 1/2"CCD, and a high performance price ratio for being consist of only 7 single lens in the
way of 5 units.
The flatness of pins is an important quality indicator for integrated circuit packaging. Almost all of the detection methods
which are currently used can't be successful on efficiency and precision. In this system, the image of IC pins was
captured by an properly optical systems and corresponding CCD sensor. To detect the edge of each pin, traditional
algorithmic, such as Sobel operator and Roberts operator, have some disadvantages: the edge is too thick for system to
accurately measure and the edge show directional character. An image segmentation and border extracting algorithm
focus on the extreme of neighborhood image intensity change was adopted. The advantage of this algorithm was each
pixel's neighborhood image intensity information was considered, so the algorithm is more suitable for accurately
measure. After edge was extracted, how to identify the useful spots is cast as a binary classification task. The support
vector machine (SVM) would be used to identify pin's spots. After proper image characteristics are obtained and a
certain amount of training, SVM provides higher discrimination ratio to distinguish spots of the IC pins. To measure the
flatness of pin, a particular line which can be identified easily should be put in the image as a baseline. Through
calculating the distance between the pins spot and baseline, the flatness of pins is obtained accurately. In this system, the
flatness of IC pins can be accurately and quickly measured, which is worthy of broad application prospect in IC
packaging.
Embarks from the virtual assembly definition, unifies author's practice and exploration in special optical instrument
research and development application, the concept and content of virtual optical assembly is proposed. According to our
preliminary practice, virtual optical assembly can be applied to the optical path which has high-precision requirements of
the optical surface location and the special optical system that has strictly symmetrical optical path, and also can be used
to identify or verify the tolerance of optical parts and components. In the article the author will give the cases which are
experienced.
The characteristics of the human and the microscope, and their integrated characteristic have been studied respectively in
this paper. Our results indicated that the correspondence of (i) focusing installment with human body arm, (ii) the height
of ocular with eyes, (iii) visual characteristic with illuminative condition of the optical microscope, should obey the
theory of the ergonomics. This was reflected in the structural design and the produce of the product, and therefore,
improved the property of the amenity of the machine.
A project was presented that instrumental design of an economical CMOS microscope image sensor. A high
performance, low price, black-white camera chip OV5116P was used as the core of the sensor circuit; Designing
and realizing peripheral control circuit of sensor; Through the control on dial switch to realize different functions of
the sensor chip in the system. For example: auto brightness level descending function on or off; gamma correction
function on or off; auto and manual backlight compensation mode conversion and so on. The optical interface of
sensor is designed for commercialization and standardization. The images of sample were respectively
gathered with CCD and CMOS. Result of the experiment indicates that both performances were identical in several
aspects as follows: image definition, contrast control, heating degree and the function can be adjusted according to
the demand of user etc. The imperfection was that the CMOS with smaller field and higher noise than CCD;
nevertheless, the maximal advantage of choosing the CMOS chip is its low cost. And its imaging quality
conformed to requirement of the economical microscope image sensor.
Biochemical analyzer is one of the important instruments in the clinical diagnosis, and its optical system is the important
component. The operation of this optical system can be regard as three parts. The first is transforms the duplicate colored
light as the monochromatic light. The second is transforms the light signal of the monochromatic, which have the
information of the measured sample, as the electric signal by use the photoelectric detector. And the last is to send the
signal to data processing system by use the control system. Generally, there are three types monochromators: prism,
optical grating and narrow-band pass filter. Thereinto, the narrow-band pass filter were widely used in the semi-auto
biochemical analyzer. Through analysed the principle of biochemical analyzer base on the narrow-band pass filter, we
known that the optical has three features. The first is the optical path of the optical system is a non- imaging system. The
second, this system is wide spectrum region that contain visible light and ultraviolet spectrum. The third, this is a little
aperture and little field monochromatic light system. Therefore, design idea of this optical system is: (1) luminous energy
in the system less transmission loss; (2) detector coupled to the luminous energy efficient; mainly correct spherical
aberration. Practice showed the point of Image quality evaluation: (1) dispersion circle diameter equal the receiving
device pixel effective width of 125%, and the energy distribution should point target of 80% of energy into the receiving
device pixel width of the effective diameter in this dispersion circle; (2) With MTF evaluation, the requirements in 20lp/
mm spatial frequency, the MTF values should not be lower than 0.6. The optical system should be fit in with ultraviolet
and visible light width spectrum, and the detector image plane can but suited the majority visible light spectrum when by
defocus optimization, and the image plane of violet and ultraviolet excursion quite large. Traditional biochemical
analyzer optical design not fully consider this point, the authors introduce a effective image plane compensation measure
innovatively, it greatly increased the reception efficiency of the violet and ultraviolet.
The measuring technology of minute part's geometrical parameter based on image processing is an integration of optics,
the mechanics, electronics, calculation and control. Accomplishing the video alteration of measuring microscope,
real-time gathering image with CCD, and compiling automatically measuring software in Visual C++6.0 environment.
First to do image processing which includes denoise filter, illuminance non-uniformity adjustment and image
enhancement, then to carry on the on-line automatic measuring to its geometry parameters. By measuring the minute
part's geometry parameters of machineries and integrated circuit in this system, the experimental results indicate that the
measuring accuracy could amount to 1 micron, and the system survey stability and usability are all good.
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