Mo/Al multilayers have the potential to be used as reflective mirrors in telescopes for cosmic and solar observation in a large spectral range of extreme ultraviolet radiation. Two types of Mo/Al multilayers were deposited by a magnetron sputtering system for comparison: one used pure Al and one used Al doped with 1.5wt. % Si. The structural performance of these two multilayers were characterized by a X-ray diffractometer, atomic force microscope, and optical profilometer. The angular dependence of the reflectivity was measured using a laboratory-based reflectometer at 58.4 nm. Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity analysis revealed that the Mo/Al (1.5wt. % Si) multilayers possess a significantly improved interfacial structure compared with Mo/Al (pure). Surface morphology observations of the samples indicated that the incorporation of Si smoothes the surface and reduces the surface roughness. X-ray diffraction results suggest that the Si slightly reduces the average grain size of Al and increases the average grain size of Mo, but their crystallinity is improved. Based on the improvement of structural performance, a peak reflectivity of 29.4% at 58.4 nm is achieved for Mo/Al (1.5%Si) multilayers, whereas it is only 17.4% for Mo/Al (pure).
The Solar Upper Transition Region Imager (SUTRI) was proposed to observe for the first time the Ne VII line at 46.5nm emitted from the upper solar transition region. As the key optical elements of the SUTRI, Sc/Si multilayer reflective mirrors are developed to offer high spectral selectivity and high reflectivity at 46.5nm with a normal-incidence angle. To avoid spectral contamination, the reflective bandwidth of the multilayer is required less than 4nm, which is achieved when the Sc layer thickness ratio is tuned to above 0.65. Meanwhile, the mechanical property, resistivity to thermal cycling, and temporal stability of the Sc/Si multilayer are characterized. The addition of an ultrathin Si layer (thickness of 0.6nm) in each Sc layer decreased the crystallization of Sc and flatted the interface, resulting in the enhancement of the mechanical property of the Sc/Si multilayer with new structure. After three times of thermal cycling, the temperature from 5°C to 40°C, the surface morphology of the new Sc/Si multilayer remained unchanged. The grazing incidence reflectometer test results showed that the periodic structure and thickness of the new multilayer were still similar after 2 years of storage. The optimized Sc/Si multilayer has a d-spacing of 24.55nm and a Sc thickness ratio of 0.72, achieving the extreme ultraviolet reflectivity of 28% at 46.1nm obtained from the laboratory-based reflectometer. The optimized Sc/Si multilayer mirrors have been applied in the SUTRI and received bright solar images at 46.5nm.
Montel mirror coated by laterally graded multilayer is a key two-dimensional collimating optics for x-ray analysis instrument. To provide guidance for the fabrication, the collimation property of a W/Si multilayer Montel mirror with parabolic shape is simulated systematically by a ray-tracing program. The influence of different source sizes, multilayer reflection bandwidth, mirror-detector distance, figure errors, and the assembly errors on the collimation performance is simulated. The mechanism for the change of divergence angle, collimation efficiency, beam uniformity, and so on is analyzed. Based on the results, the optimum mirror structure and the tolerance for fabrication and assembly errors were estimated for a high-performance x-ray Montel mirror.
Driven by the growing demand for large-size x-ray mirrors used in synchrotron radiation and free-electron laser facilities, a linear deposition system based on magnetron sputtering technique is built. The layer growth quality and thickness uniformity are optimized by adding masks in front of the cathode to reduce the oblique-incidence particles and tune the sputtering flux distribution. Based on this, a 0.5-m-length W/Si multilayer mirror is demonstrated. The multilayer has a d-spacing of 3 nm and a bilayer number of 60. The surface roughness of the multilayer is only 0.33 to 0.25 nm in the spatial frequency range of 3.0 × 10 − 3 to 1.0 μm − 1, and the average interface width is 0.32 nm. The hard x-ray reflectivity and uniformity of the large mirror were characterized at the Optics Beamline in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. A maximum reflectivity of 62.5% and 62.7% was measured at 8 and 18 keV, respectively, with an angular resolution of Δθ / θ = 2.7 % . The d-spacing uniformity over the 0.5-m-length and 60-mm-width area of the mirror is 1.0% and 1.2% (peak-to-valley), respectively. These results indicate a good and uniform quality of the nanoscale multilayer over the large mirror area. The measured second- and third-order reflectivities of the multilayer are more than 2 orders magnitude lower than the first order, implying a good suppression of high harmonics in the monochromator application.
Several imaging x-ray telescope (IXT) prototypes have been fabricated independently by the Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, which employed thermal slumping technology. To verify the performance of the IXT prototypes, a three-layer prototype with a focal length of 2052.5 mm was tested using a narrow beam at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The performance testing posed a challenge due to the need to suppress the finite source distance effect on the IXT prototype (43-m long source-optic distance). In addition, limited use of motorized stages presents challenges. We present the experimental setups and detailed measurement approaches by utilizing limited measurement devices. The prototype is a segmented telescope comprising six sectors. For the best sector, the measured point spread function (PSF) yields a half power diameter (HPD) of 66″ and agrees well with modeling (62″) and the value measured at PANTER (65″). In addition, the integrated HPD of the whole prototype is 82″ obtained by coadding the PSFs of the six sectors.
With the rapid development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources, such as plasma-based light source and Free Electron Laser (FEL), it provides unprecedented powerful ultra-short EUV radiations. These extremely high intense ultra-short pulses of radiation bring great challenges to the optical components utilized for steering these light beams, especially the radiation damage issues. However, more studies on the EUV damage mechanisms on optical materials are still quite desired because of limited beamtime provided by FEL facilities. In this study, we present a table-top focused EUV optical system built at the Institute of Precision Optical Engineering (IPOE) for performing EUV damage tests on optical materials. This setup consists of a laser-plasma light source, a modified Schwarzschild objective and an EUV energy attenuator. With a large numerical aperture of 0.44 and a demagnification of 11, the Schwarzschild objective is composed of two annular spherical mirrors coated with Mo/Si multilayers. By using the Zirconium filter and Mo/Si multilayers, this setup can generate the focused radiation with an energy density of 2.27 J/cm2 at the wavelength of 13.5 nm on the image plane of the objective with ~8.3 ns pulse duration. The EUV energy can be changed using a gas attenuator by varying the gas pressure of Helium or Nitrogen inside the chamber. The performance and potentials of this setup are demonstrated by the single-shot or multi-shot damage tests on some samples, such as Au thin film, CaF2 and Mo/Si multilayer mirror. The damage thresholds were determined and the possible damage mechanisms are discussed together with available experimental results.
Oxide growth on rare-earth erbium film at room temperature was quantitatively followed by means of quartz oscillation technique. Structure and chemistry of the oxide layer were characterized by x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The humidity in oxidizing environment is found to be the key factor leading to the increase of oxidation rate of the erbium film. The oxide layer is composed of crystallites of erbium and erbium oxide. The O 1s photoelectron spectra are characterized by two components that are assigned to oxide and hydroxide species respectively. The oxide layer shows a layered structure with an oxide layer covered by a hydroxide overlayer.
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