The inhomogeneous temperature field and large temperature gradient in the laser cladding process form thermal stress and thermal deformation, which lead to residual stress. In this paper, numerical simulations are developed to investigate the temperature and stress distributions of the cladding model as well as the longitudinal residual stress on the specific paths under different scanning modes. The results indicate that most of the stress is concentrated in the cladding layer and its bonding region with the substrate. Furthermore, the longitudinal residual stress is the largest along the scanning path direction.
Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are a type of thin-layer composite structure formed by curing metal alloys and composite materials at a certain temperature and pressure. This paper adopts surface machining to create a grid-like structure on metal plates and manufactures glass fiber metal laminates using the treated metal plates and prepreg. The laminates are then subjected to three types of mechanical performance tests: tension, compression, and three-point bending, analyzing the failure modes of the specimens under different conditions. The experimental results show that compared to laminates without surface-designed metal plates, specimens with grid-like metal surface design exhibit a 9.1% increase in tensile strength, an 8.1% increase in tensile failure displacement, a 25.5% increase in compression strength, a 54.46% increase in compression failure displacement, a 7.1% increase in bending strength, and a 34.67% increase in bending failure displacement. This study demonstrates that surface grid-like treatment of metal can enhance the mechanical properties of fiber metal laminates.
In this paper, the influence of geometrical parameters on the compressive bearing capacity of the new repairable adaptive resin based carbon fibre composite single stiffener plate is analyzed by numerical simulation. The interface debonding and the progressive material damage are considered in the finite element model. For a single stiffener plate with a given layup sequence and basic dimensions, the structural optimization design can be carried out within a certain range. Due to the mismatch between the stiffness of the stiffener and skin, interface stress will increase, leading to early failure caused by interface damage. Considering and not considering interface failure will obtain different optimization results. The reasonable design of a single stiffener plate will directly affect the corresponding multi stiffened plate design.
This study employs ABAQUS/Explicit to simulate the mechanical behavior of composite honeycomb sandwich panels under flat crush and lateral compression, considering both unfilled and filled structures. Utilizing the Johnson-Cook model for aluminum alloy and a crushable foam model for the filled matrix, predicting damage evolution with Hashin criteria and a cohesive zone model. The impact of reinforcement methods, including short carbon fibers and silicon dioxide particles at 1% content, on the compression strength and energy absorption of infused panels is analyzed. Results show that these reinforcement methods significantly improve the structural performance of composite honeycomb sandwich panels, particularly their compression strength and energy absorption capabilities. offering an effective enhancement strategy. However, additional studies are needed to optimize content and interaction mechanisms between reinforcements and foam matrix is recommended.
The single yarn pullout test is critical for the energy dissipation mechanism research of aramid fabric. This paper conducted both traditional in-plane and out-of-plane tests. The in-plane test utilized digital image correlation (DIC) technique to measure the displacement filed during the pullout process and analyzed the behavior of fabric shear deformation. Three different transverse pre-tension force variables were set for both tests to research the effect of pre-tension force on the pullout load. Comparing the two sets of tests, the results showed that pullout load and fabric energy consumption increased with increasing pre-tension force and the load of out-of-plane pullout was greater under the same experimental conditions. Finally, an explanation was provided for the latter phenomenon.
Carbon fiber electrodes can simultaneously realize energy storage and load-carrying. In this study, a 3D-RVE multiphysics model of carbon fiber electrode is established to simulate the lithiation process under different discharge multiplicities. Results show that lowering the discharge multiplicity and elevating the fiber spacing can promote the uniformity of lithium concentration, stress distribution and volume expansion. The hydrostatic pressure has a facilitating effect on the discharge process, which proves the two-way coupling effect of the model. This work may contribute to understand the lithiation mechanism of carbon fiber electrode and provide ideas for multi-physics field modeling of structural batteries.
The phase-shifting method is widely used in fringe projection profilometry (FPP),The digital light projector (DLP) and charge coupled device (CCD) are generally nonlinear devices.The captured fringes do not have a good sinusoidal property,which leads to errors in the retrieved phase map.The methods to calibrate the nonlinear response of a FPP and compensate for the associated error can be classified into active methods(correction before pattern projection) and passive methods(correction after pattern projection).The basic idea of the active method to precisely obtain the input output relation function of the projector. The passive method compensates the error in phase domain by the post-processing algorithms. Huang et. al. presented the double three-step phase shifting algorithm to reduce the nonlinear phase error by projecting two groups of three-step phase-shifting fringe with an initial phase offset of 60 degree.Subsequently,some scholars improved this method. Zheng et.al. presented a method that combined the two wrapped phases to obtain the combination of the wrapped phase,it is simpler than Huang’s method because only one time phase unwrapping procedure is needed. Lei et. al. combined double-step phase-shifting method and multifrequency temporal phase unwrapping algorithm, proposed a multi-frequency inverse-phase method to realize the 3D shape measurement of the complicated objects. Mao proposed a similar approach.The main difference between Lei and Mao is that the operation order of double-step phase-shifting algorithm for error compensation is different. In Mao’s method,error compensation is performed in the wrapped phase map while it is done with the unwrapped phase map in Lei’s method.This paper compares double-step phase-shifting algorithm, its variational algorithm (Zheng's method, Lei’ s method, Mao's method) and phase shift algorithm with twice the number of steps for nonlinear error compensation, our study finds that these algorithms have similar effect in reducing nonlinear phase error. Phase shift algorithm with twice the number of steps is simpler and more direct than double-step phase-shifting algorithm.In variational algorithm, Zheng’s method reduces the number of phase unwrapping by half compared with traditional double-step phase shifting algorithm,Mao’s method is essentially the same as Lei’s method,it was by introducing multi-frequency temporal phase unwrapping algorithm that Lei and Mao's method can measure the complex object. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the rationality of this analysis.
We propose an image encryption algorithm based on gradient decomposition and an improved logistic map. The original image is first decomposed into three subimages with different gradient sizes using the gradient decomposition. The pixel position of the three subimages is then changed by applying Arnold transformation, and the random sequence generated by the improved logistic map is used to perform the XOR operation on the three subimages. Subsequently, the row pixel values of the three subimages are converted into binary sequences, and then the binary sequences are shuffled with the random sequences generated by the improved logistic map. Finally, the three subimages are obtained as the R, G, and B components of the color image to generate the final encrypted image. For image decryption, the original image can be simply restored by joining the three subimages. The experimental results show that the improved logistic map has a larger key space and better randomness compared with the classical logistic map. Furthermore, the proposed encryption scheme exhibits better robustness against various attacks than several existing encryption algorithms.
Phase unwrapping is one of the key steps of optical interferogram analysis.However,implementing phase-unwrapping algorithm(PUA) can be challenging,and the accuracy may be low when it is used to handle fringe patterns containing complicated singularities, such as noise, shadow, shears and surface discontinuity. When weighted least-squares unwrapping approach is adopted to unwrap the phase,the weighting coefficients are designed and defined to distinguish the singularities regions and normal regions in wrapped phase patterns.The weighting coefficients corresponding to the singularities are given zero-weighted, the singularities will not affect the unwrapping.But weighted least-squares unwrapping approach has the smooth effect on the final phase map.In view of this problem, a Robust Weighted leastsquares phase-unwrapping algorithm is proposed in this paper, which is based on combining the phase correction operation and weighted least-squares(WLS) method.In our method, Two partial derivatives of the wrapped phase are obtained from the fringe patterns. The phase singularities are determined using reliability, and the weighting coefficient is obtained from the binary mask from the reliability mask generated by thresholding method. The Weighted leastsquares phase-unwrapping was solved using the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method,The result of WLS is used to estimate the fringe order directly.The spatial phase unwrapping algorithm is applied to correct the phase with residual wraps by. Experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the proposed method. Results are analyzed and compared with the other least-squares methods, The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of proposed method.
Digital holography is a powerful tool for noncontact quantitative phase imaging. According to the relative incident angle between the object beam and the reference beam, digital holography is grouped into on-axis and off-axis digital holography, The measurable area is narrow in off-axis digital holography, on-axis digital holography suffers from image blurring. Phase-shifting technique is usually used to obtain the high-quality object image. However, the phase shifting technique requires to record multiple phase-shifted holograms. The most conventional holography configuration requires a separately generated reference and object beams that result in a low stability. The paper presents an One-shot common-path phase-shifting holography based on micro polarizer camera and large-shearing Wollaston Prism. The system employs a commercial micro polarizer camera and a doubly-refractive prism with large shearing. The Wollaston prism separates the incoming beam into two orthogonally polarized components ,brings the reference and object from the two-windows to overlap at the lateral shearing region. The two light beams transmit through the quarter wave plate(QWP) and pixelated micro polarizer array(PMA) camera, QWP is used to transform the orthogonally polarized light into orthogonal circular components, The circular polarizations interfere at CCD after passing through the micro polarizer array. The data captured by PMA camera can be parsed into four phase shifting fringe images corresponding to each direction of the four polarizations. The interpolation method is used to obtain the same resolution as the original image. The phase distribution of the specimen can be retrieved using the four-step algorithm. Finally, experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the proposed method. The results demonstrate the capability and applicability of the system .
With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent fringe processing is a goal of relevant researchers in optical interferometry. We propose an intelligent method to achieve fully automated extraction of the fringe skeletons in electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) based on U-Net convolutional neural network. In the proposed method, the network is first trained by the samples that consist of the noisy ESPI fringe patterns and the corresponding skeleton images. After training, the other multiframe ESPI fringe patterns are fed to the trained network simultaneously; the corresponding skeleton images can be obtained in batches. Using our method, it is not necessary to process fringe patterns frame by frame. Our method is especially suitable for multiframe fringe patterns processing. We apply the intelligent method to one computer-simulated and one real-dynamic ESPI measurement, respectively. For the simulated measurement, it takes just 40 s to obtain the skeleton images of 20 noisy ESPI fringe patterns using our method. Even for low-quality experimental obtained ESPI fringe patterns, our method can also give desired results.
Digital holography is a powerful tool for non-contact quantitative phase imaging. Off-axis configuration remains a popular choice among the digital holography systems due to its ability to separate the dc and cross-terms in the recorded hologram in Fourier spectral space.However, compensating the off-axis tilt of the reference wave is one of the open challenges in the off-axis digital holography.Deng et al. proposed an off-axis tilt compensation method based on hologram rotation [DENG et.al. Opt. Let., 2017]. The off-axis tilt is removed by subtracting the phase of the digital reference hologram obtained by rotating the original specimen’s hologram from the retrieved phase corresponding to the original hologram. Nonetheless, Deng’s method is extremely time consuming due to the computation of Fourier transform,inverse Fourier transform and phase unwrapping for many times. In this paper, we propose a simple algorithm to compensate the off-axis tilt . Firstly, apply Fourier transform to the original off-axis hologram, filter out the first-order spectrum by band filter, then determine directly the spectrum of digital reference hologram from the spectrum of the original hologram, then filter out the first-order spectrum from the spectrum of digital reference hologram, apply inverse Fourier transform to the two first-order spectra to obtain two complex fields, then retrieve directly the phase difference from the two complex fields using the direct phase difference algorithm, then unwrap the wrapped phase map by the phase unwrapping algorithm. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the proposed method. The results are analyzed and compared with those of Deng’s method, demonstrating that our method not only can speed up by more than 50% the calculation time, but also can improve measurement accuracy.
In order to avoid frequency aliasing,improve the spatial resolution of the phase map in Fourier transform Profilometry(FTP),an approach based on the digital time-multiplexing technique is proposed to remove the background component from the deformed fringe pattern. Firstly, a sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected onto the tested object by digital-light-processing( DLP) projector, the fringe pattern modulated by the object’s surface is captured by a CCD camera.Secondly, apply Fourier transform to the captured fringe pattern to obtain the spectrum. Thirdly, rotate the specimen’s fringe pattern 90-deg to obtain the rotated fringe pattern , then obtain the new spectrum corresponding to the rotated fringe pattern.Fourthly,the new spectrum is subtracted from the original spectrum ,clip the negative going values in the resultant spectrum by digital manipulation.Fifthly, filter out the first-order spectrum from the resultant spectrum by the band filter,apply inverse Fourier transform to the selected spectrum to obtain complex fields,then retrieve the phase, unwrap the wrapped phase map by the phase unwrapping algorithm.Finally, the simulation and experimental evaluations are conducted to prove the validity and performance of the proposed method. The results are analyzed and compared with those of the conventional method.The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method have been demonstrated and verified.
The digital gradient sensing (DGS) method is a full-field optical technique to measure the in-plane stress gradients of transparent materials. Elasto-optic constant is an important material characteristic for the DGS method and is usually not given. On the basis of introducing the working principle of DGS method, a calibration method of elasto-optic constant based on the least-squares method is proposed, and the accuracy of iterative convergence is improved by introducing liner error. A theoretical model of a semi-infinite plane under concentrated normal load on boundary is chosen to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The full-field experimental data of polymethyl methacrylate specimen is obtained from the digital image correlation method. The experimental results show that the least-squares calibration method can determine the elasto-optic constant of transparent materials effectively.
Nondestructive optical techniques have been widely used to satisfy engineering applicat ion. 2D digital image correlation (DIC) method has superiority of convenient manipulation and high accuracy in measuring planar displacement. Moreover, fringe pattern profilometry (FPP) method has become a highly developed technique to measure surface profile. Combined with 2D-DIC method, FPP method can be applied to measure three-dimensional displacements conveniently. As a semi-custom integrated circuit, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been popular for its powerful programming performance on controlling experimental instrument. Furthermore, Labview, an efficient graphical programming language which excels in instrument communication, can be used to program FPGA. In this paper, a corrected dynamic FPP method combined with 2D-DIC method has been presented and achieved by Labview programming to measure dynamic deformation. An experimental system including a projector and a camera is used to project fringe patterns and acquire images alternately at a high speed. By the referred method a series of spatial-discrete displacement data in equal intervals of time are obtained. Then a four-dimensional interpolation is adopted to get full-field and continuous-time displacement data. Thus, the planar and out-plane displacements can be simultaneously measured. Experiments were performed and verified the feasibility of proposed method.
According to the characteristic of the optical field arrangement, parallel illumination and parallel receiving in shadow moire method, that the reference grating and the shadow moire can be shifted equal distance at the same time, are proposed in this paper. First, the calculation formula for determining exact phase-shifting values and its experimental techniques were derived. Second, an exact simulation technique in shadow moire topography was constructed on the basis of the conceptions of geometrical interference mode for forming the virtual shadow moire fringes and the calculation formula of exact phase-shifting values. Third, to verify the validity of the calculation principle and simulation technique, the experimental results of the two typical models were offered, one was the cylinder and the other was sphere. These results indicate that the method proposed in this paper can improve the precision of three dimensional shape reconstructions and promote the development of shadow moire topography.
In this article, a metallographic microscopy, an atomic force microscopy and a field emitting scanning electronic microscopy was used to investigate the surface and the cross-sectional morphology of porous silicon films, respectively. Simple micro-structure and micro-mechanical models are established to explain the origin mechanism of residual stresses in the porous silicon. Experimental results reveal that the residual stresses have close relation with the micro-structure of the porous silicon and consist of the lattice mismatch stress, capillary stress, oxidation stress, Van der Walls force and so on. Combining micro-Raman spectroscopy with x-ray diffraction measurements, we get the total residual stress of 900MPa, and its components of the lattice mismatch stress is about of 815.8MPa, the capillary stress of 13.2MPa and the oxidation stress of 71MPa for a chemical etched porous silicon sample with a certain porosity. It can be seen that the lattice mismatch between the porous layer and the Si substrate is a major source (about 91%) for the total residual stress of the porous silicon.
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