Time-frequency synchronization is a basic element in some fields such as deep space exploration and satellite navigation. Its accuracy and precision are closely related to the measurement results of these systems. In high signal-to-noise ratio situation, the accuracy of time-frequency synchronization is affected by the Doppler frequency shift. In this study, we propose an interpolation model that can mitigate the impact of the Doppler frequency shift, which is constructed from the prior information of the system and related to phase difference of the pseudo-random code. A coherent heterodyne ranging system is built, which is phase-modulated by pseudo-random binary code. And interpolation model is experimentally verified. The experimental results show that the ranging deviation is not more than 0.55 mm for static target. For the moving target, the ranging deviation does not exceed 0.40 mm, and the deviation of the velocity measurement is within 0.45 mm/s.
We propose a coherent light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with a low probability of intercept (LPI) based on wavelength hopping technology and phase-encoded random modulation technology to achieve long-range detection while reducing exposure risk. A theoretical analysis is constructed for the LPI LiDAR system. The multi-wavelength homodyne detection and distance estimation are achieved by the broadband 90° optical hybrid and the matched filter, respectively. Measurements are conducted under 1064 nm and 1550 nm due to the limitation of available light sources. The experimental results show that when the emission power of the two wavelengths is low, the designed LPI LiDAR can achieve sensorless detection with high distance accuracy at long distances. The used laser warning device cannot alarm the laser emitted by the designed LiDAR with continuous wave regime. The feasibility of the designed LiDAR system to realize silent detection is verified.
This article mainly shows that coherent accumulation of multi-aperture receiver array based on frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) coherent lidar has an excellent performance for the weak signal detection of target which is far distance or moving with a high velocity. This method can improve the signal and noise ratio (SNR) and detection range accuracy by multi-aperture receiver array. In addition, the analysis done by simulation shows that phase fluctuation of atmospheric turbulence has a significant influence on the performance of coherent accumulation of multi-aperture receiver array. Stimulation result shows that while μx is equal to - σ2x , the amplitude fluctuation of signal could degrade the quality of coherent accumulation based on multi-aperture receiver array and its existence leads to the worse performance before non-amplitude fluctuation. Phase fluctuation of signal deteriorates the performance of coherent accumulation while its size is big or small.
A coherent laser phase shift range finder based on optical phase modulation and phase shift measurement can measure distance and velocity precisely at the same time. In this paper, methods to improve the sensitivity of the range finder is presented. Matched filter algorithm is used to calculate the range velocity in frequency domain. Experiment is conducted at different signal power. The relationship between RMSE of measured range, as well as measured velocity, and the signal power is shown in the result.
The cantilever optical fiber nutation structure is designed by using piezoelectric ceramic tube. The amplitude-frequency response of the structure is measured by micro-Doppler method, and the resonance characteristics are analyzed. When the optical fiber nutation structure works under resonance, the nutation amplitude is the largest. The expansion of field of view angle has the advantages of simple structure, stable and reliable performance, easy integration, and higher coupling efficiency from spatial light to optical fiber.
There are lots of requirements of 3D terrain information in the field of traffic and forest investigation. In this paper we propose a coherent lidar system that produces 3D information of target by use of circularly scanning system. We use the frequency modulated continuous laser wave as optical source. The frequency information from the targets can be demodulated by the FFT algorithm to get the real distance information and generating a point cloud. The method has advantage of background noise resistance over traditional direct detection system. The demonstration system not only acquire the distance information of scanned target. It also measures the dynamic information such as speed of moving target. In our work, we measure the speed of swaying leaves of a tree within gentle breeze and the measurements are in line with the experimental environment at that time. Furthermore, a complicated demonstration system including four laser sources will be designed. More laser footprints can enlarge the scanning area at per second and mitigate modulation and demodulation stress of system, which acquires more detailed information.
The performance of satellite-to-ground downlink optical communications over Gamma-Gamma distributed atmospheric turbulence are discussed for a direct detection differential phase shift keying system with spatial diversity, which combines the beam coherently before demodulation. Bit-error rate (BER) performances for various numbers of apertures are analyzed and compared for different zenith angle. We also consider the effect of the fiber coupling efficiency and loss ratio of beam coupler to the final BER. The results of numerical simulation shows that the advantage increases with the number of aperture. All the numerical results are verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.
3D coherent imaging ladar based on frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technology is proposed. The triangle wave is used to modulate chirped laser. The distance information is detected by optical heterodyne technique. Meanwhile, the beam scanning is realized by rotation double-prism. And the 3D target image is obtained. The 3D coherent imaging ladar has advantages of anti-background interference, high sensitivity and long-detected distance. Under the condition of the strongly sunlight background, the targets outdoor are scanned and high resolution images are achieved. This technique has a great potential for applications in extensive imaging ladar fields.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Image enhancement, Image processing, Signal detection, Transmitters, Receivers, Signal processing, Telescopes, Oscillators, Digital signal processing
Enhanced self-heterodyne synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) is based on the down-looking SAIL, with a transmitter of two coaxial polarization-orthogonal beams of spatial parabolic phase difference and a receiver of heterodyne detection. Enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL has the capability to eliminate the influence from the atmospheric turbulence, has a high advantage in the detection of weak signals. However, the relative movement of target and lidar platform will generate ghost image in enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL. The image process of ghost image is mathematically detailed and simulated, the results image as the theoretical analysis. The enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL is necessarily work in spotlight mode in order to eliminate ghost image for far-distance lidar imaging.
Synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) is one of the most possible optical active imaging methods to break the diffraction limit and achieve super-resolution in a long distance. Nevertheless, two-dimensional reconstructed images of the natural targets have not been achieved. Polarization state change of the backscattered light, which is always determined by the interaction of the light and the materials on the target plane, will affect the imaging of SAIL. The Mueller matrices can describe the complex polarization features of the target reflection and treat this interaction. In this paper, a measurement of the Mueller matrices for different target materials will be designed, and the influences of polarization characteristic of targets on resolution element imaging in side-looking and down-looking SAILs will be theoretically analyzed.
Down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar have bidirectional (positive and negative direction) modulation in the orthogonal direction of travel during phase modulation. The return signal can be also collected in the two directions. The imaging processing with bidirectional modulation is used and demonstrated. The signal-to-noise ratio can be enhanced in this mode synthetic aperture imaging ladar. Meanwhile, the velocity of carrying-platform can be faster. In the experiment, the return signals with bidirectional modulation are stacked and rebuilt. Compared to the unidirectional modulation imaging, the faster and clearer imaging is realized with bidirectional modulation. This technique has a great potential for applications in extensive synthetic aperture imaging ladar fields.
In the field of satellite communication, space laser communication technology is famous for its high communication rate,
good confidentiality, small size, low power consumption and so on. The design of coherent optical communication
detection device based on modified balanced optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) is presented in the paper. It combined by
local oscillator beam, modulator, voltage controlled oscillator, signal beam, optical filter, 180 degree hybrid, balanced
detector, loop filter and signal receiver. Local oscillator beam and voltage controlled oscillator trace the phase variation of
signal beam simultaneously. That taking the advantage of voltage controlled oscillator which responses sensitively and
tunable local oscillator laser source with large tuning range can trace the phase variation of signal beam rapidly and achieve
phase locking. The demand of the phase deviation is very low, and the system is easy to adjust. When the transmitter
transmits the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal, the receiver can demodulate the baseband signal quickly, which has
important significance for the free space coherent laser communication.
This paper proposes a new method for variable rate DPSK in the satellite-to-ground laser communication. Compared to
the general method, this method doesn’t need to change the original communication rate, reduces the complexity of the
system. In theory, SNR can improve above 3 dB when rate into half. We construct a simplified experimental apparatus to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental devices and results are presented. Offline processing
results are very similar to theory, is superior to the traditional means. The further study about doppler effect and clock
synchronization is being conducted.
Laser beam's acquisition, pointing and tracking are crucial technologies of free space optical communication. Fine tracking
system is an important component of APT (acquisition, pointing and tracking) system. Traditional fine tracking system
use CCD or quadrant detector as the position detector of signal light. In order to simplify the system and improve accuracy,
we propose a fine tracking system based on fiber nutation which don’t need a position detector and theoretically prove that
the system is feasible. Meanwhile corresponding fine track system was built, experiment on position detection of the fine
tracking system is done.
Active polarization imaging technology has recently become the hot research field all over the world, which has great
potential application value in the military and civil area. By introducing active light source, the Mueller matrix of the
target can be calculated according to the incident light and the emitted or reflected light. Compared with conventional
direct detection technology, optical heterodyne detection technology have higher receiving sensitivities, which can
obtain the whole amplitude, frequency and phase information of the signal light. In this paper, an active polarization
imaging system will be designed. Based on optical heterodyne balanced receiver, the system can acquire the horizontal
and vertical polarization of reflected optical field simultaneously, which contain the polarization characteristic of the
target. Besides, signal to noise ratio and imaging distance can be greatly improved.
In Synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL), the polarization state change of the backscattered light will affect the imaging. Polarization state of the reflected field is always determined by the interaction of the light and the materials on the target plane. The Stokes parameters, which can provide the information on both light intensity and polarization state, are the ideal quantities for characterizing the above features. In this paper, a measurement system of the polarization characteristic for the SAIL target materials is designed. The measurement results are expected to be useful in target identification and recognition.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Synthetic aperture imaging, LIDAR, Image processing, Signal processing, Analog electronics, Receivers, Transmitters, Interference (communication), Sensors
The static-mode down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) can keep the target and carrying-platform still during the collection process. Improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio in static-mode down-looking SAIL is investigated. The signal-to-noise ratio is improved by increasing scanning time and sampling rate in static-mode down-looking SAIL. In the experiment, the targets are reconstructed in different scanning time and different sampling rate. As the increasing of the scanning time and sampling rate, the reconstructed images become clearer. These techniques have a great potential for applications in extensive synthetic aperture imaging ladar fields.
The implementation of down-looking Synthetic Aperture Imaging Ladar(SAIL) uses quadratic phase history reconstruction in the travel direction and linear phase modulation reconstruction in the orthogonal direction. And the linear phase modulation in the orthogonal direction is generated by the shift of two cylindrical lenses in the two polarization-orthogonal beams. Therefore, the fast-moving of two cylindrical lenses is necessary for airborne down-looking SAIL to match the aircraft flight speed and to realize the compression of the orthogonal direction, but the quick start and the quick stop of the cylindrical lenses must greatly damage the motor and make the motion trail non-uniform. To reduce the damage and get relatively well trajectory, we make the motor move like a sinusoidal curve to make it more realistic movement, and through a resampling interpolation imaging algorithm, we can transform the nonlinear phase to linear phase, and get good reconstruction results of point target and area target in laboratory. The influences on imaging quality in different sampling positions when the motor make a sinusoidal motion and the necessity of the algorithm are analyzed. At last, we perform a comparison of the results of two cases in resolution.
The design and laboratory experiment of a demonstrator of all-optronic down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar
(SAL) is presented in this paper, in which the sensing-to-processing chain is carried out with light. The ultra-fast
processing capability from image acquisition to real-time reconstruction is shown. The demonstrator consists of a
down-looking SAL unit with a beam scanner and an optical processor. The down-looking SAL unit has a transmitter of
two coaxial orthogonally polarized beams and a receiver of polarization-interference self-heterodyne balanced detection.
The linear phase modulation and the quadratic phase history are produced by the projection of movable cylindrical lenses.
Three functions of strip-map mode, spotlight mode and static mode are available. The optical processor is an astigmatic
optical system, which reduces to a Fourier transform system and a free-space of the Fresnel diffraction to realize the
matched filtering. A spatial light modulator is used as the input interface. The experiment is performed with an optical
collimator. The system design is given, too. The down-looking SAL has the features such as a big coverage with an
enhanced receiving aperture and little influence from atmospheric turbulence and the optical processor is simple.
The down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) with electro-optic modulation was proposed. The measurement uses electrically controlled scanner to produce beams with spatial parabolic phase difference, which consists of electro-optic crystal and cylindrical lens. Due to the high modulation rate without mechanical scanning, this technique has a great potential for applications in extensive synthetic aperture imaging ladar fields. The phase mapping of electrically controlled scanner under the different applied voltage is achieved and measured by the polarized digital holographic interferometry. The phase mappings of the scanner in the down-looking SAIL with the o-polarized light and e-polarized light are obtained. The linear phase distribution and the parabolic phase distribution are observed after applying the external electric field. The corresponding analyses and discussions are proposed to explain the phenomena.
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) can gain three-dimensional topography with high spatial resolution and height accuracy using across track interferometry[1]. Conventional InSAR produce three-dimensional images from SAR data. But when the working wavelength transit from microwave to optical wave, the transmission antenna and receive antenna become very sensitive to platform vibration and beam quality[2]. Through differential receive antenna formation, we can relax the requirement of platform and laser using synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) concept[3]. Line-of-sight motion constraints are reduced by several orders of magnitude. We introduce two distinctive forms of antenna formation according to the position of interferogram. The first architecture can simplify the interferogram processing and phase extraction algorithm under time-division multiplex operation. The second architecture can process the 2D coordinate and height coordinate at the same time. Using optical diffraction theory, a systematic theory of side-looking SAIL is mathematically formulated and the necessary conditions for assuring a correct phase history are established[4]. Based on optical transformation and regulation of wavefront, a side-looking SAIL of two distinctive architectures is invented and the basic principle, systematic theory, design equations and necessary conditions are presented. It is shown that high height accuracy can be reached and the influences from atmospheric turbulence and unmodeled line-of-sight motion can be automatically compensated.
Down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar(SAIL) has overcome many difficulties in side-looking SAIL. However, it is inevitably impacted by the speckle effect. There is temporally varying speckle effect due to the angular deflecting of two coaxial polarization-orthogonal beams transmitted in the orthogonal direction of travel, and a spatial varying speckle effect in the travel direction. Under the coaxial heterodyne, phase variations caused by speckle effect are compensated, leaving the amplitude variations of speckle field. In this paper, the speckle effect in the down-looking SAIL is analyzed, expressions for two-dimensional data collection contained speckle effect are obtained and the two-dimensional image influenced by speckle effect is simulated.
Compared to synthetic aperture radar (SAR), synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) is more sensitive to the phase errors induced by atmospheric turbulence, undesirable line-of-sight translation-vibration and waveform phase error, because the light wavelength is about 3-6 orders of magnitude less than that of the radio frequency. This phase errors will deteriorate the imaging results. In this paper, an algorithm based on low-pass filtering to suppress the phase error is proposed. In this algorithm, the azimuth quadratic phase history with phase error is compensated, then the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is performed in azimuth direction, after the low-pass filtering, the inverse FFT is performed, then the image is reconstructed simultaneously in the range and azimuth direction by the two-dimensional (2D) FFT. The highfrequency phase error can be effectively eliminated hence the imaging results can be optimized by this algorithm. The mathematical analysis by virtue of data-collection equation of side-looking SAIL is presented. The theoretical modeling results are also given. In addition, based on this algorithm, a principle scheme of optical processor is proposed. The verified experiment is performed employing the data obtained from a SAIL demonstrator.
In this paper, three types of scanner which their width are varied with parabolic, hyperbolic and exponential
functions are studied. The equations of deflection angle and ray trajectory of three types of electro-optic scanner are
given and their deflection properties are investigated by numerical analysis. The deflection characteristics and
sensitivities are compared to each other. It is helpful for the design of electro-optic scanners with fine performance.
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