The rotary photoelectric encoder can be used in many fields, such as robot research, fruit assembly lines, and so on. If there have many photoelectric encoders in one system, it's difficult to manage them and acquire the right pulse number. So it's important to design a multifunctional management system. It includes a powerful microchip with high processing speed, assuring the acquisition precision of rotary pulse. It uses a special method to judge the rotary direction and will be competent for many occasions which rotary direction changes quickly. Considering encoder data transmission, the management system provides a serial port using RS-485 protocol to transmit current pulse data and rotary direction. It allows linking a maximum of 100 management systems using only two communication lines to up-systems and also configing the encoder counting pattern locally (using the keyboard) or remotely (through the computer).
The biosensors, consisting of immobilized antibodies which were for specific recognition to target molecules and electrodes which were able to convert the binding event between antigen and antibody to a detectable signal, were developed for rapid detection of organophosphate (OPs) pesticides. Anti-OPs antibodies were immobilized onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated interdigitated microsensor electrodes (IMEs). The Faradaic impedance spectra, presented as Nyquist plots (Z' vs Z'') and Bode diagrams, (impedance vs frequency) were recorded in the frequency range from 1Hz to 100 kHz respectively. A linear relationship between the electron-transfer resistance and concentrations of OPs pesticide was found ranging from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm. The regression equations were Y = 658 X +1861, with the correlation coefficient of 0.977. The biosensing procedure was simple and rapid, and could be completed within 1 h.
The degradation product of cephradine(CEP), a broad spectrum antibiotic, with NaOH was studied in solution by Cyclic Voltammetry and Differential Pulse Voltammetry at a three electrode system (Gold working electrode, Hg/HgCl reference electrode and Platinum counter electrode). Our experiment was based on that the R-SH in degradation product could cause a deoxidization peak at gold working electrode. The response was optimized with respect to accumulation time, ionic strength, drug concentration, reproducibility and other variables. We found that the degradation product of CEP in Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer could cause a sensitive deoxidization peak at -0.68V. A linear dependence of peak currents on the concentration was observed in the range of 10-7 - 10-6 mol/L, with a detection limit of 0.5*10-7mol/L. This method can achieve satisfactory results in the application of detecting human-made CEP.
The fruit impedance is related to fruit internal quality. Differences in impedance of various quality of apples were measured by use of solartron 1294 impedance interface and solartron 1260 impedance analyzer instrument, four brass-wire probes electrodes, personal computer and the software of bioimpedance measurement of fruits. Apples as examples were experimented at frequency range (1 Hz ~ 1M Hz), and the relation between their impedance parameters and their quality was studied. The results of experiment indicate that the increasing of the frequency could constantly lead to the decreasing of the impedance. When the frequency was increased from 1Hz to 1MHz, the two points impedance of apples' surface decreased 12-15 times. The impedance of good quality apples was nearly constant at both low and high frequency. When detected the rot apples, the impedance was similar to the good apples' at high frequency, and different at low frequency. It was 60-100 ohm lower than normal for the rot apple detection of various rot area. At 1Hz frequency, the impedance measured of 10cm2 rot area was 397ohm, which was about 200ohm lower than normal. The conclusion is it feasible that the bioimpedance can be adopted to distinguishing the internal quality of fruit.
The objectives of this study were to characterize leaf reflectance spectra of tomato leaves damaged by leaf miner and to determine those leaf reflectance wavelengths that were most responsive to plant damage caused by the pest. Near infrared (NIR) Spectral characteristics of single tomato leaves at various levels of infestation by the leaf miner, were measured and analyzed using a spectrometer. Tomato leaf damage was classified into five scales, i.e., 0 (no damage), 1 (light damaged), 2 (10-25% damaged), 3 (more than 25% damaged), and 4 (severe damaged), based on the scale of infestation displayed on the surfaces of plant parts. Spectral parameter such as reflectance sensitivity was used to find the optimal wavelengths to determining and evaluating the damage level. Results showed that there were significant differences in reflectance among infestations at wavelengths of 1450nm and 1900 nm particularly. The determining coefficients (R2) for a linear relationship were 0.98 and 0.91 for the spectral-infestation levels relations. Thus, both of these wavelengths were good indicators of leaf senescence caused by the leaf miner.
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