Jakarta area with high built-up areas and CO2 emission cause urban heat island (UHI). The characteristics of UHI, such as temperature and wind must be known in order to overcome UHI problems. In this study, urban heat islands in Jakarta is simulated using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Noah-MP Land surface model. The aim of the study is to evaluate the WRF-urban modeling system’s performance. The method used is by conducting Building Effect Parameterization (BEP) scheme experiments in WRF simulation with high spatial resolution (1 km horizontal grid spacing) then compare to observation data during vernal equinox day (day without a shadow) on 14th – 16th March 2018 and 8th - 10th Oct 2018 over Jakarta metropolitan area. The results show that the correlation of near-surface air temperature and wind speed in March is better than in October, while the wind direction has a better correlation in October. Concerning the urban areas, Central and west Jakarta has the highest temperature area on March 15 th ,2018, with the highest temperature was 32.7°C at Kemayoran. Meanwhile, only west Jakarta area has the highest temperature (>32°C) on October 9th 2018, with the highest temperature was 32.16°C at Cengkareng.
The estimation of precipitation using weather satellite is beneficial to measure global rainfall with high temporal and spatial resolution. The understanding of accuracies and limitations of precipitation satellite data is essential to study by verifying the satellite estimation with the observation data from rain gauges. The aim of this study is to verify the radar and rain gauges rainfall data in rainy season (December 2013 to March 2014), which consist three approaches namely point-to-grid, area-weighted and grid-to-grid for daily interval in Ciliwung watershed and point-to-grid for hourly interval in Darmaga and Pondok Betung stations. The verification methods consist of two namely continuous verification statistics and categorical verification statistics. The result of continuous verification statictic shows the highest correlation is point-to-grid and the variability of errors are from 0 to 45.76 according to magnitude of MAE. The radar rainfall are underestimated to observation with ME negatives. The categorical verification statistics shows that accuracies of those three approaches have the average of 0.44 and biases below 1.5. The correlations in hourly interval with point-to-grid approach in Pondok Betung and Darmaga are lower than daily interval, while the accuracies are higher. The application of remote sensing such as radar technology, satellite precipitation estimation feasible to detail rainfall data in a watershed, especially in locations which observation stations are not available.
Aerosol, together with cirrus clouds, play a fundamental role in the earth-atmosphere system radiation budget, especially at tropical latitudes, where the Earth surface coverage by cirrus cloud can easily reach 70%. In this study we evaluate the combined aerosol and cirrus cloud net radiative effects in a wild and barren region like South East Asia. This part of the world is extremely vulnerable to climate change and it is source of important anthropogenic and natural aerosol emissions. The analysis has been carried out by computing cirrus cloud and aerosol net radiative effects through the Fu-Liou-Gu atmospheric radiative transfer model, adequately adapted to input lidar measurements, at surface and top-of-the atmosphere. The aerosol radiative effects were computed respectively using the retrieved lidar extinction from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization in 2011 and 2012 and the lidar on-board of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations for the South East Asia Region (27N-12S, 77E-132E) with 5° x 5° spatial resolution. To assess the cirrus cloud radiative effect, we used the ground-based Micro Pulse Lidar Network measurements at Singapore permanent observational site. Results put in evidence that strong aerosol emission areas are related on average to a net surface cooling. On the contrary, cirrus cloud radiative effect shows a net daytime positive warming of the system earth-atmosphere. This effect is weak over the ocean where the albedo is lower and never counter-balances the net cooling produced by aerosols. The net cooling is stronger in 2011, with an associated reduction in precipitations by the four of the five rain-gauges stations deployed in three regions as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java with respect to 2012. We can speculate that aerosol emissions may be associated with lower rainfall, however some very important phenomena as El Nino Southern Oscillation , Madden-Julian Oscillation, Monsoon and Indian Dipole are not considered in the analysis.
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