KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Calibration, Radiometry, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Near infrared, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Systems modeling, Floods
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) is the remote sensing equipment which has 3 spectral bands and one along-track stereoscopic band radiometer. ASTER VNIR’s planned long life design (more than 5 years) is successfully achieved. ASTER VNIR has been imaging the World-wide Earth surface multiband images and the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). VNIR data create detailed world-wide maps and change-detection of the earth surface as utilization transitions and topographical changes. ASTER VNIR’s geometric resolution is 15 meters; it is the highest spatial resolution instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft. Then, ASTER VNIR was planned for the geometrical basis map makers in Terra instruments. After 15-years VNIR growth to the standard map-maker for space remote-sensing. This paper presents VNIR’s feature items during 15-year operation as change-detection images , DEM and calibration result. VNIR observed the World-wide Earth images for biological, climatological, geological, and hydrological study, those successful work shows a way on space remote sensing instruments. Still more, VNIR 15 years observation data trend and onboard calibration trend data show several guide or support to follow-on instruments.
KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Radiometry, Thermography, Signal processing, Infrared radiation, Calibration, Sensors, Space operations, Visible radiation, Near infrared
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) System is operating more than 15 years since launched on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft in December 1999. ASTER System is composed of 3 radiometers (VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer), SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared Radiometer), and TIR (Thermal Infrared Radiometer)), CSP (Common Signal Processor) and MSP (Master Power Supply). This paper describes the ASTER System operating history and the achievement of ASTER System long term operation since the initial checkout operation, the normal operation, and the continuous operation. Through the 15 years operation, ASTER system had totally checked the all subsystems (MPS, VNIR, TIR, SWIR, and CSP) health and safety check using telemetry data trend evaluation, and executed the necessary action. The watch items are monitored as the life control items. The pointing mechanics for VNIR, SWIR and TIR, and the cooler for SWIR and TIR are all operating with any problem for over 15 years. In 2003, ASTER was successfully operated for the lunar calibration. As the future plan, ASTER team is proposing the 2nd lunar calibration before the end of mission.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high-resolution optical sensor system that can observe in a wide region from the visible and near-infrared, the short wavelength infrared to the thermal infrared with 14 spectral bands on board of NASA’s Terra spacecraft for Earth Observing System (EOS) “A mission to planet earth." ASTER achieved 5 years mission success on orbit operation normally which is the specified target after launched on December, 1999. And after through 10 years continuous orbit operation, ASTER has still operating the long life observation of extra success to be 15 years in total on December, 2014. As for ASTER instrument that is composed of 3 radiometers; the Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (VNIR) with 3 bands, the Short Wavelength Infrared Radiometer (SWIR) with 6 bands, the Thermal Infrared Radiometer (TIR) with 5 bands, overall ASTER long life data taken by 15 years onboard operation has been reviewed from the point of view of the health and safety check by Telemetry (TLM) data trend, the function and performance evaluation by observation data trend, the onboard calibration and verification by periodic Calibration(CAL) data trend. As a result, the radiometric degradation of VNIR and TIR and the temperature rise of SWIR detector were identified as significant challenges. The countermeasure plan towards the end of mission was clarified and also the novel lessons learned was verified.
The ASTER Instrument is one of the five sensors on the NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. After 14 years on orbit, ASTER VNIR and TIR are still taking Earth images of good quality. The TIR radiometer has five bands from 8 to 12 μm with spatial resolution of 90 m. Each band has ten detectors. The detectors are cooled at 80 K precisely by using a Stirling cooler within 0.1 K. TIR is radiometrically calibrated by a single onboard blackbody. In the normal operation mode the blackbody is kept at 270 K, and once in 49 days the blackbody is heated up to 340 K for the gain calibration. The degradation at band 12 is largest and 48% and that at band 10 is smallest and 18%. One of the possible causes of the degradation is the contamination accretion by outgas of silicone SE9188 RTV used for TIR followed by the ultraviolet radiation. The absorption spectra of outgas of this silicon was measured at JAXA and the absorption spectra showed similar to the TIR degradation in the early days on orbit. ASTER science team is proposing the second lunar calibration at the end of terra mission for the estimation of the TIR optical characteristics. ASTER experienced first lunar calibration in April 2003 and many of the TIR bands were saturated. Due to the responsivity degradation the TIR dynamic range has extended to higher temperature. At least TIR four bands will not saturate in the next lunar calibration.
In this paper, we present a feasibility study for the potential of a high spatial resolution and wide swath thermal infrared (TIR) imaging radiometer for a small satellite using a large format uncooled infrared focal plane array (IR-FPA). The preliminary TIR imaging radiometer designs were performed. One is a panchromatic (mono-band) imaging radiometer (8-12μm) with a large format 2000 x 1000 pixels uncooled IR-FPA with a pixel pitch of 15 μm. The other is a multiband imaging radiometer (8.8μm, 10.8μm, 11.4μm). This radiometer is employed separate optics and detectors for each wave band. It is based on the use of a 640 x 480 pixels uncooled IR-FPA with a pixel pitch of 25 μm. The thermal time constant of an uncooled IR-FPA is approximately 10-16ms, and introduces a constraint to the satellite operation to achieve better signal-to-noise ratio, MTF and linearity performances. The study addressed both on-ground time-delayintegration binning and staring imaging solutions, although a staring imaging was preferred after trade-off. The staring imaging requires that the line of sight of the TIR imaging radiometer gazes at a target area during the acquisition time of the image, which can be obtained by rotating the satellite or a steering mirror around the pitch axis. The single band radiometer has been designed to yield a 30m ground sample distance over a 30km swath width from a satellite altitude of 500km. The radiometric performance, enhanced with staring imaging, is expected to yield a NETD less than 0.5K for a 300K ground scene. The multi-band radiometer has three spectral bands with spatial resolution of 50m and swath width of 24km. The radiometric performance is expected to yield a NETD less than 0.85K. We also showed some preliminary simulation results on volcano, desert/urban scenes, and wildfire.
The Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is one of the five sensors on the
NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER consists of three radiometers, the Visible and Near
InfraRed (VNIR), the Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30
m and 90 m, respectively. Unfortunately the SWIR image data are saturated since April 2008 due to the offset rise
caused by the cooler temperature rise, but the VNIR and the TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. The VNIR and
the TIR experienced responsivity degradation while the SWIR showed little change. From the lamp calibration, Band 1
decreased the most among three VNIR bands and 31% in thirteen years. The VNIR has the electrical calibration mode to
check the healthiness of the electrical circuits through the charge coupled device (CCD). Four voltage levels from Line 1
to Line 4, which are from 2.78 V to 3.10 V, are input to the CCD in the onboard calibration sequence and the output
digital numbers (DNs) are detected in the images. These input voltages are monitored as telemetry data and have been
stable up to now. From the electrical calibration we can check stabilities of the offset, gain ratio and gain stability of the
electric circuit. The output level of the Line1 input is close to the offset level which is measured while observing the
earth at night. The trend of the Line 1 output is compared to the offset level. They are similar but are not exactly the
same. The trend of the even pixel and odd pixel is the same so the saturated offset levels of the odd pixel is corrected by
using the even pixel trend. The gain ratio trend shows that the ratio is stable. But the ratio values are different from those
measured before launch. The difference comes up to 10% for the Band 2. The correct gain ratio should be applied to the
vicarious calibration result because the onboard calibration is measured with the Normal gain whereas the vicarious
calibration often measures with the High gain. The cause of the VNIR responsivity degradation is not known but one of
the causes might be the change of the electric circuit. The band 3 gain shows 16 % decrease whereas the gain changes of
the band 1 and band 2 are 5% to 8%. The responsivity decrease after 1000 days since launch might be controlled by the
electric circuit change.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
twelve years. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of the TIR showed a decrease in response after
launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and hydrazine. ASTER onboard calibration is normally carried out once in 49 days but additional onboard calibrations were added just before and after the inclination adjustment maneuver (IAM) to check the effect on the RCC. This experiment was carried out three times for each IAM in the fiscal year 2011. The result showed that the change in the RCC was small for both VNIR and TIR.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Signal to noise ratio, Calibration, Absorption, Optical filters, Filtering (signal processing), Linear filtering, Temperature metrology, Spectral calibration
HISUI (Hyperspectral Imager SUIte) is the next Japanese earth observation sensor, which consists of hyperspectral and
multispectral sensors. The hyperspectral sensor is an imaging spectrometer with the VNIR (400-970nm) and the SWIR
(900-2500nm) spectral channels. Spatial resolution is 30 m with swath width of 30km. The spectral resolution will be
better than 10nm in the VNIR and 12.5nm in the SWIR. The multispectral sensor has four VNIR spectral bands with
spatial resolution of 5m and swath width of 90km. HISUI will be installed in ALOS-3 that is an earth observing satellite
by JAXA. It will be launched in FY 2015. This paper is concerned with the effect of temperature on onboard calibration
reference material (NIST SRM2065) for spectral response functions (SRFs) retrieval of the hyperspectral sensor. Since
the location and intensity of absorption features are sensitive to material temperature, the estimated center wavelength and bandwidth of the SRFs may include the uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the deviation of the wavelength and the bandwidth broadening of the SRFs when the material temperature changes. In this paper we describe the evaluation of uncertainty of the SRF’s parameters retrieval and show some simulation’s results.
We have developed a large-size gold-coated integrating sphere with an inner diameter of 1 m for use as a spectral radiance calibration standard in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range. We anticipate that this integrating sphere will be used for the radiometric calibration of space-borne sensors such as SGLI (second-generation global imager) and HISUI (hyperspectal imager suite) prior to their launch. In this paper, we show the initial results of performance evaluation testing of the gold-coated integrating sphere system.
The ASTER Instrument is one of the five sensors on the NASA’s Terra satellite on orbit since December 1999. ASTER
consists of three radiometers, VNIR, SWIR and TIR whose spatial resolutions are 15 m, 30 m and 90 m, respectively.
Unfortunately SWIR stopped taking images since May 2008 due to the offset rise caused by the detector temperature rise,
but VNIR and TIR are taking Earth images of good quality. VNIR and TIR experienced responsivity degradation while
SWIR showed little change. Band 1 (0.56 μm) decreased most among three VNIR bands and 30 % in twelve years. Band
12 (9.1 μm) decreased 40 % and most among five TIR bands. There are some discussions of the causes of the
responsivity degradation of VNIR and TIR. Possible causes are contamination accretion by silicone outgas, thruster
plume and plasma interaction. We marked hydrazine which comes out unburned in the thruster plume during the
inclination adjust maneuver (IAM). Hydrazine has the absorption spectra corresponding to the TIR responsivity
degradation in the infrared region. We studied the IAM effect on the ASTER by allocating the additional onboard
calibration activities just before and after the IAM while the normal onboard calibration activity is operated once in 49
days. This experiment was carried out three times in fiscal year 2011.
HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte), which is the next Japanese earth observation project, has been developed under
the contract with Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization(NEDO). HISUI is composed of hyper-spectral sensor and multi-spectral sensor. The hyperspectral
sensor is an imaging spectrometer with two separate spectral channels: one for the VNIR range from 400 to 970
nm and the other for the SWIR range from 900 to 2500 nm. Ground sampling distance is 30 m with spatial swath width
of 30 km. The spectral sampling will be better than 10 nm in the VNIR and 12.5 nm in the SWIR. The multi-spectral
sensor has four VNIR spectral bands with spatial resolution of 5m and swath width of 90 km. HISUI will be installed in
ALOS-3 that is an earth observing satellite in the project formation phase by JAXA in FY 2015. This paper is concerned
with the retrieval of spectral response functions (SRF) for the hyper-spectral sensor. The center wavelength and
bandwidth of spectral response functions of hyper-spectral sensor may shift and broaden due to the distortion in the
spectrometer, the optics and the detector assembly. Therefore it is necessary to measure or estimate the deviation of the
wavelength and the bandwidth broadening of the SRFs. In this paper, we describe the methods of retrieval of the SRF's
parameters (Gaussian functions assumed) by means of onboard calibration sources and we show some simulation's
results and the usefulness of this method.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in December1999.
The ASTER consists of three radiometers. The VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR
has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The onboard
calibration devices of the VNIR and SWIR were halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the
VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal. The band 1, the shortest wavelength, decreased most to 70% in
eleven years. The VNIR spectra of the responsivity degradation were compared to other sensors, the JERS-1 OPS, the
OCTS, the Hyperion, the MODIS, the MISR and the SPOT. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of the TIR is
varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration of
the TIR showed a decrease in response after launch. The decrease was most remarkable at band 12 decreasing to 60% in
eleven years. The degradation spectra of the TIR shows that the possible causes of the degradation might be silicone and
hydrazine.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Spectrographs, Signal to noise ratio, Radiometry, Signal processing, Spectral calibration, Signal detection, Telescopes, Spectral resolution
The hyper-multi spectral mission named HISUI (Hyper-spectral Imager SUIte) is the next Japanese earth observation
project that will be on board ALOS-3 satellite. This project is the follow up mission of the Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER). HISUI is composed of hyperspectral radiometer with higher
spectral resolution and multi-spectral radiometer with higher spatial resolution. The functional evaluation model is under
development to confirm the spectral and radiometric performance prior to the flight model manufacture phase. This
model contains the VNIR and SWIR spectrograph, the VNIR and SWIR detector assemblies with a mechanical cooler
for SWIR, signal processing circuit and on-board calibration source.
The Japanese hyper-spectral sensor provides data products covering continuous spectral bands in the wavelength range
from 400 nm to 2500 nm. It is characterized by a SNR of > 450 in the VNIR and>300 in the SWIR range at a ground
resolution of 30 m x30 m. This report is concerned with the onboard wavelength calibration methods for the Japanese
hyper-spectral sensor. As a result of trade study, the combination of a transmission type glass filter containing rare earth
oxides, a Mylar polyester film and a quartz tungsten-halogen-lamp was selected. This method covers the wavelength
range from 400 nm to 2450 nm. For the purpose of wavelength shift estimation, the method employing the mean square
deviation as merit-function was found to be stable and precise. The accuracy of the absorption peak wavelength
determination will be expected less than 2% (=0.2 nm) for the VNIR spectral resolution and 5% (=0.625 nm) for the
SWIR spectral resolution.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in 1999. The
ASTER consists of three radiometers, the VNIR in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR in the shortwave
infrared region, and the TIR in the thermal infrared region. The on-board calibration devices of the VNIR and the SWIR
were two halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the
output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The temperature of TIR on-board blackbody remains at 270 K in
the short-term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for
the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration showed a decrease of the TIR response in orbit. The
radiometric calibration coefficients of the VNIR and the TIR were fit to smooth functions. The temperature of the SWIR
detector increased from 77 K to more than 93 K in May 2008 so that the SWIR data saturated thereafter.
KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Metrology, Distance measurement, Standards development, Radiation thermometry, Manufacturing, Process control, Temperature sensors, Humidity, Time metrology
The Technical Specification IEC 62492-1 TS: Industrial process control devices - Radiation thermometers - Part 1: Technical data for radiation thermometers will define the technical data, i.e. metrological data, to be given in data sheets and operating instructions for radiation thermometers with one wavelength range and one measurement field. It has been developed within the working group IEC SC 65B WG5 "Temperature Sensors". The content and structure of the IEC 62492-1 TS is briefly explained and an outlook on further work on radiation thermometry planned within the IEC SC 65B WG5 is given.
The ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite launched in 1999. The ASTER consists of three radiometers, the VNIR in the visible and near-infrared region, the SWIR in the shortwave infrared region, and the TIR in the thermal infrared region. The on-board calibration devices of the VNIR and the SWIR were two halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. In orbit three bands of the VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The TIR has one on-board blackbody and is unable to see the dark space. Therefore the temperature of the on-board blackbody of the TIR remains at 270 K in the short-term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration showed a decrease of the TIR response in orbit. The radiometric calibration coefficients of the VNIR and the TIR were fit to smooth functions.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Black bodies, Radiometry, Temperature metrology, Satellites, Spatial resolution, Data processing, Short wave infrared radiation, Mirror pointing
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), on the NASA Terra satellite, has three radiometers, the VNIR, SWIR and TIR. The TIR radiometer has five bands (10 to 14) in the thermal infrared region with a spatial resolution of 90 m. These TIR bands are radiometrically calibrated by a single onboard blackbody whose temperature can be changed between 270 K and 340 K. In the normal operation mode the blackbody is kept at 270 K, and a constant coefficient in a quadratic radiometric calibration equation for each detector is adjusted at that temperature before each Earth observation. Once in 33 days the gain term can be updated by a long term calibration in which the blackbody is measured at 270, 300, 320, and 340 K. The sensor response of all bands (particularly band 12) has been degrading since the launch, and periodical updating of the gain coefficient does not fully follow the degradation, so that the calibration error on level-1 products is sometimes unacceptable. We therefore have developed approximation equations for the coefficients to predict the most reasonable radiometric calibration coefficients (RCC) at the time of the observation. This will be implemented soon in the Level-1 data processing.
KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Data acquisition, Calibration, Space operations, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Sensors, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Lamps
ASTER instrument on Terra spacecraft is operating over 4 years since early 2000. The total number of acquired data exceeds 800 thousand scenes. The radiometric coefficients are frequently updated to compensate the degradation. The geometric performance is kept in good accuracy since the initial normal operation stage. The performance for radiometric, geometric and stereo capabilities will be comprehensively presented.
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), one of five sensors on Terra, has five bands (10 to 14) in the thermal infrared (TIR) region. These TIR bands are radiometrically calibrated by one onboard blackbody with the function of changing temperature between 270 and 340 K. In normal operation the blackbody is set up at 270 K, and a constant coefficient in a quadratic radiometric calibration equation for each detector is adjusted at that temperature before each Earth observation, but the gain coefficient cannot be adjusted at this time, while it can periodically be updated by long term calibration in which the blackbody is measured at 270, 300, 320, and 340 K. On the other hand the sensor response of all bands (particularly band 12) has been degrading since the launch, and periodical updating of the gain coefficient does not fully follow the degradation, so that the calibration error on level-1 (L1) products is often unacceptable. We therefore have developed a recalibration method which is easily applied to L1 products by a general user. By using this method, the calibration error will mostly be reduced below the level of NEDT.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Lamps, Short wave infrared radiation, Black bodies, Charge-coupled devices, Sensors, Photodiodes, Radiometry, Temperature metrology, Pulmonary function tests
ASTER is a high-resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth on the Terra satellite. ASTER consists of three radiometers, VNIR in the visible and near-infrared region, SWIR in the shortwave infrared region, and TIR in the thermal infrared region. The pre-flight calibration of VNIR and SWIR adopted the working standard large integrating sphere whose radiance levels were traceable to the primary standard fixed-point blackbody. The on-board calibration devices of VNIR and SWIR were two halogen lamps and photodiode monitors. The on-board lamp calibration showed a little shift while launch. In orbit three bands of VNIR showed a rapid decrease in the output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The TIR on-board blackbody was calibrated against a standard blackbody from 100 K to 400 K in a vacuum chamber before launch. The TIR is unable to see the dark space. The temperature of the on-board blackbody of TIR remains at 270 K in the short-term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration. The long term calibration just after launch seemed consistent with the prelaunch calibration but showed a decrease in orbit.
EOS satellite instruments operating in the visible through the shortwave infrared wavelength regions (from 0.4 micrometer to 2.5 micrometer) are calibrated prior to flight for radiance response using integrating spheres at a number of instrument builder facilities. The traceability of the radiance produced by these spheres with respect to international standards is the responsibility of the instrument builder, and different calibration techniques are employed by those builders. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Earth Observing System (EOS) Project Science Office, realizing the importance of preflight calibration and cross-calibration, has sponsored a number of radiometric measurement comparisons, the main purpose of which is to validate the radiometric scale assigned to the integrating spheres by the instrument builders. This paper describes the radiometric measurement comparisons, the use of stable transfer radiometers to perform the measurements, and the measurement approaches and protocols used to validate integrating sphere radiances. Stable transfer radiometers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center Remote Sensing Group, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and the National Research Laboratory of Metrology in Japan, have participated in these comparisons. The approaches used in the comparisons include the measurement of multiple integrating sphere lamp levels, repeat measurements of select lamp levels, the use of the stable radiometers as external sphere monitors, and the rapid reporting of measurement results. Results from several comparisons are presented. The absolute radiometric calibration standard uncertainties required by the EOS satellite instruments are typically in the plus or minus 3% to plus or minus 5% range. Preliminary results reported during eleven radiometric measurement comparisons held between February 1995 and May 1998 have shown the radiance of integrating spheres agreed to within plus or minus 2.5% from the average at blue wavelengths and to within plus or minus 1.7% from the average at red and near infrared wavelengths. This level of agreement lends confidence in the use of the transfer radiometers in validating the radiance scales assigned by EOS instrument calibration facilities to their integrating sphere sources.
As a part of the Earth observing system (EOS) cross- calibration activities before the first flight (denoted AM- 1), a radiometric measurement comparison was held in February 1995 at the NEC Corporation in Yokohama, Japan, Researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center, and the National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM) used their portable radiometers to measure the spectral radiance of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) visible/near-infrared (VNIR) integrating sphere at three radiance levels. The levels each correspond to 83% of the maximum radiance that is expected to be measured using the three VNIR bands of the EOS ASTER instrument, which are centered at 0.56 micrometer, 0.66 micrometer, and 0.81 micrometer. These bands are referred to as bands 1, 2, and 3. The average of the measurements of the four radiometers was between 1% and approximately 1.5% higher for all three bands when compared to the NEC calibration of the sphere. A comparison of the measurements from the participating radiometers resulted in good agreement. These results are encouraging and will be followed by extension to other EOS AM-1 instrument calibration sources.
This joint article presents the POLDER-OCTS preflight cross-calibration procedure and data set. POLDER is a radiometer developed by CNES devoted to the measurement of the polarization and directionality of the Earth's reflectances and OCTS is an ocean color and temperature scanner developed by NASDA. Both radiometers are onboard the ADEOS satellite to be launched in 1996. The preflight POLDER-OCTS cross-calibration experiment was carried out by NRLM, NASDA, and CNES from March to April in 1994 using round- robin radiometers. The cross-calibration results show the agreement between NRLM/NASDA and CNES radiometers better than 6% regarding POLDER integrating sphere at CNES in Toulouse and better than 5% regarding OCTS integrating sphere at NEC in Yokohama. Calbration of OCTS integrating sphere by NEC agreed with cross calibration by NRLM/NASDA within 3%. The calibration of CNES round-robin radiometer is guaranteed at 3.5%.
ASTER is a high resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth in a five-year mission on the EOS AM1 platform to be launched in 1998. ASTER consists of three radiometers. VNIR has three bands in the visible and near-infrared region, SWIR has six bands in the shortwave infrared region, and TIR has five bands in the thermal infrared region. The ASTER project is establishing a calibration plan including calibration requirements to the contractors. The major instrument characteristics specified are spectral characteristics, offset, nonlinearity of response, absolute responsivity, polarization effect and stray light effect. The ASTER pre- flight calibration of VNIR and SWIR adopts the working standard large integrating sphere of 1 m in diameter whose radiance levels are traceable to the primary standard fixed point blackbody. This is similar to the prelaunch calibration system of OPS of JERS-1 launched in 1992. The onboard calibration devices of VNIR and SWIR are halogen lamps and photodiode monitors used once in sixteen days. These calibrators are duplicated and used alternately to increase the reliability. The offsets of VNIR and SWIR are checked by looking at the dark side of the Earth. The TIR is unable to see the dark space. The temperature of the onboard blackbody of TIR remains at 270 K in the short term calibration for the offset calibration, and is varied from 270 K to 340 K in the long term calibration for the offset and gain calibration once in sixteen days. The TIR onboard blackbody is calibrated against a standard blackbody in a vacuum chamber before launch. The standard blackbody has a hood of 330 mm diameter and 600 mm length, the emissivity of more than 0.995 and the temperature range of 100 K to 400 K.
ASTER is composed of three radiometers for separate wavelength regions: visible and near infrared radiometer (VNIR) and short wavelength infrared radiometer (SWIR) both in the solar reflection region, and thermal infrared radiometer (TIR) in the thermal emission region. Each radiometer will be calibrated before launch on the ground, and after launch in orbit. This paper describes the calibration plan of ASTER radiometer.
A new radiometic calibration system was developed for the prelaunch calibration of Optical Sensors (OPS) of Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) to be launched in 1992. OPS consists of eight bands from 520 nm to 2400 nm. The primary standard of the calibration system was fixed-point blackbodies of copper, silver, zinc, lead, and tin. The transfer standard was two variable temperature blackbody furnaces used at temperatures from 232 C to 1362 C. The spectral radiances were transferred to a large internally illuminated integrating sphere with an inner diameter of 1 m and an aperture of 280 mm in diameter. The OPS was calibrated against the large integrating sphere. Uncertainty of the spectral radiances of the variable temperature blackbody furnaces was estimated to be +/- 1.3 percent and that of the large integrating sphere to be better than +/- 3 percent.
Calibration concept of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) for EOS-A platform is presented. Emphasis is placed on the instrument characteristics to be used for quantitative data analysis which include response linearity, spectral profile of responsivity, polarization characteristics, size-of-source effect, element-to-element responsivity ratio, band-to-band responsivity ratio, and absolute spectral band responsivity. Attention is also given to prelaunch and in-flight calibration for visible infrared, short-wave infrared, and thermal infrared subsystems and a new scheme for cross calibration of ASTER.
A detailed description is given of an internally irradiated integrating sphere which supplies the radiance necessary for prelaunch calibration of the optical sensors mounted on the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite. The sphere is 1 m in diameter and has an aperture of 280 mm over which uniform radiance is expected. The sphere has 12 halogen lamps of 500 W operated at 100 V dc, giving the optical sensors nearly maximum spectral radiance for each spectral band from the earth's surface. Nonuniformity of the spectral radiance over the aperture is very small, enabling all the elements of each band to be simultaneously calibrated. A double-grating spectrometer is used to calibrate the integrating sphere against transfer standards.
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