The monitoring and measurement of in-plane coplanarity is important in the production and assembly of smaller and more fine-pitched optical and mechanical systems. Owing to its features such as greater accuracy, resolution, instantaneous response and non-intrusive nature, interferometry is advantageous and extensively utilized in a broad spectrum of applications. Interferometers possess high resolution, long measurement range and fast response times. Infra-Red diffraction interferometer is broadly used for coplanarity measurement [1-2]. Recently grating interferometer has been also used for the coplanarity measurement [3]. Circular grating Talbot interferometry has been widely used in many metrological as well as microscopic applications [4-10]. The benefits of using circular gratings are that they are easy to align, and no prior knowledge is needed for the measuring direction [10]. In this paper, a fast and cost-effective 3D (x, y, z- axis) measurement system for in-plane coplanarity inspection of an optical table is proposed. Different from the line-scanning measurement of traditional laser-based systems, the proposed, circular grating Talbot interferometer system with fringe shift measurement can provide the 3D (x, y, z -axis) measurement of coplanarity. With the conventional practice of using the zero Talbot area, it is not possible to obtain fringes of the non-coplanar surfaces unless the Talbot distance is much greater than the distance between the surfaces. The Talbot area is employed to measure the deformation of the two non-coplanar surfaces simultaneously. But this approach has a critical limitation, and the optical setup will be extremely case-sensitive. In the proposed system, Talbot interferometric fringes are extracted from the background image using image processing operations of background normalization to reduce the unevenness in the background intensity and the morphological grayscale dilation operation to eliminate the grating lines [9-10]. In the extracted Talbot interferometric fringes of these interferograms, the intensity distribution profile is plotted along the center of the grating. The center of the shifted fringe in intensity distribution profile is obtained after averaging the position of fringe. The shift between the center of two gratings determines the coplanarity. The resolution of this method is limited by the grating pitch and the capabilities of the imaging equipment.
The transport sector accounted for final energy use and baseline CO2 emissions projected to approximately double by 2050 (IPCC, 2014). A solution for increasing fuel economy to significantly reduce the release of CO2 is multifaceted and needs to be scientifically and economically feasible. Fuel-borne additives is a cost effective as well as attractive method for both emission reduction and better fuel economy. As per our understanding lots of experimental studies were reported the use of mixed oxide nanoparticles for efficiency improvement but much work has not been carried out on combustion analysis in the presence of catalytic nanoparticles, which in fact is the novelty of the present work. Interferometric methods are non-contact type, which do not interfere with the field of the flame, so they cause no disturbance in the flow field and can provide full profile of temperature of flame at any instant of time. Moreover these techniques are more accurate, precise, and robust in comparison to the conventional measurement techniques. In this work Talbot interferometry has been proposed for the combustion analysis in the presence of nanoparticles due to its various advantages.
Due to the development of wearable smart/electronic integrated textiles, the heating compression bandages, conductive fabrics, and electrically heated garments have been extensively used in many fields. Heating garments could be widely applied in the field of body warming and physical therapy. To impart heating therapy through garments, we need to select conductive yarn to be incorporated into the fabric. In addition to this, voltage supply, resistance, temperature distribution, temperature gradient, heating area, and spacing between the two consecutive conductive yarns are some major factors that have to be optimized for heating garments. Therefore, identifying the proper conductive yarn and approximate spacing between them is important in the electrically heated garments. The measurement of temperature and temperature profile around heated textile conductive yarn is demonstrated using digital holographic interferometry (DHI). DHI has been widely used to measure temperature and temperature profile of gaseous flames and heat conduction studies, etc., as it is more accurate, precise, and provides better spatial resolution. DHI is chosen to measure temperature distribution around copper and stainless-steel yarns used in textiles. DHI is a noncontact, noninvasive, full-field, and almost real-time interferometric technique. We have chosen copper and stainless-steel yarn to study the temperature profile and uniform heating to approximate spacing between two yarns.
Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is demonstrated to study the influence of gradient magnetic fields (i.e., upward decreasing and upward increasing) and uniform magnetic field on the temperature and temperature profile of a wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Sheared interferograms in the absence and presence of microflame are captured using CCD camera. Fourier fringe analysis method is used to extract the phase-gradient information of ambient air without flame and heated air of microflame separately. The phase difference map of microflame and ambient air is used for the extraction of refractive index difference and temperature distribution inside the microflame. The experimental investigations reveal that temperature and temperature stability of the microflame increase in the upward decreasing and uniform magnetic field, while the temperature and temperature stability inside the microflame decrease in upward increasing magnetic field in comparison to temperature inside the microflame in the absence of magnetic field. Increment in the temperature of the microflame in uniform magnetic field is contrary to macro diffusion flame, where there is a negligible influence on the temperature in uniform magnetic field. Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is simple, lightweight, easy to implement, less vibration-sensitive, and can cover microflame to macroflame under investigation.
In this paper, holo-shear lens based interferometer is experimentally demonstrated for the measurement of temperature distribution, and temperature fluctuations inside the wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Holoshear lens based interferometer is a common path interferometer, which is simple, compact, light weight and less vibration sensitive to environmental perturbation. Also, holo-shear lens based interferometer is capable of measuring the temperature profile of a micro sized flame to macro sized flame.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a round-shaped, aggressive human pathogen that can grow either by fermentation or by utilizing an elective terminal electron acceptor without oxygen. These bacteria can spread from an infected person to others, and it can enter into the body via the bloodstream and can infect body parts and organs. To avoid spreading infections and life-threatening diseases, a rapid, non-invasive, non-contact expeditious detection system is required. In this paper, a holographic optical element based digital holographic interferometric (DHI) system has been demonstrated for the label-free imaging of S. aureus bacteria. A comparison has been made in the proposed holographic optical element based DHI system and the conventional off-axis Mach–Zehnder configuration based DHI system. The proposed DHI system is an economical, efficient and easy-to-operate interferometric system, and significantly improves the signalto- noise ratio of recorded digital holograms without any spatial filtering.
Urine analysis (urinalysis) is a critical component to diagnose urinary tract disease. Microscopic evaluation of the urine provides an insight into potential underlying urinary tract disease, which is used for identification and characterization of both common and much less common formed elements in the urine sample. In this paper, the microscopic urinalysis is presented by using single beam digital holographic microscopy (DHM). This is a common path set up wherein both beams (reference and sample) travel through a similar path providing higher temporal stability. In this paper, phasecontrast three - dimensional imaging of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), squamous and nonsquamous epithelial cells, casts and various crystals present in the urine samples, have been demonstrated. The proposed imaging modality for the diagnosis of urinary tract disease is simple, non-contact, non-invasive, and provides higher temporal stability due to its common-path geometry.
Micro-flame is a flame having the size of several millimeter (approx. 2-3 mm). Micro flames are used in micro devices such as microsatellite and micro aerial vehicles etc. An understanding of combustion characteristics of micro flame is required for design a burner or combustion system to create micro flame. In this paper, digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is used for the measurement of temperature, temperature profile and temperature fluctuations of a wick stabilized micro diffusion candle flame. By measuring the change in temperature/ temperature fluctuations and radical concentration, we can also measure the quenching in micro flame.
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a micro size, hazardous bacteria which is responsible for various life-threatening diseases in animals and humans. Generally, E. coli bacteria can be found naturally in the animals and human intestinal tracts which provide necessary synthesis of vitamins. However, E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most dangerous pathogenic strain which produces toxins. E. coli contaminate in number of drinks and food products. Hence early identification and treatment of E. coli O157:H7 is very necessary in order to prevent various diseases. In this work, Digital Holographic Interferometric Microscopy (DHIM) system is used for non-destructive, in-vitro imaging of E. coli bacteria. The major advantage of using the DHIM over the conventional microscopy is that in DHIM both amplitude and phase coming from the specimen can be reconstructed from recorded hologram. It provides three dimensional information of the specimen under test. In DHIM system distortions due to the aberrations are minimized by the interferometric comparison of reconstructed phase with and without the object. The phase reconstruction of recorded object and reference wavefront is calculated by Fourier Transform method. DHIM system is non-invasive, non-contact type and has the potential for fast detection of E. coli.
An application of circular grating Talbot interferometer for measurement of low-frequency vibrations in a plate is demonstrated. Experiments were conducted to measure/monitor the in-plane low-frequency vibration from 1 to 25 Hz in a plate object. The measurement system is advantageous over accelerometer, because it is easy to construct, less expensive, and robust. This method can be implemented conveniently to quantitatively measure temporal and continual displacements of the vibration object with variable sensitivity and also applicable to shallow curved objects.
Red blood cell (RBC) anomalies are significant symptoms for identification of health disorders and several blood diseases, which involve the modification of the parameters and biophysical characteristics of such cells. The aim of this study is to measure the three-dimensional phase information of healthy RBCs and their parameters, such as cell diameter, thickness, and hemoglobin (Hb) content, using Talbot-projected fringes. The Talbot image of linear grating is projected onto an RBC slide. The deformed grating lines due to the shape and refractive index of RBCs are recorded by a CCD camera through a 20× microscope objective. Hilbert transform is used to extract the phase image from the deformed projected grating lines. Experimentally calculated values of diameter (8.2 μm), thickness (2.7 μm), and Hb content (28.7 pg/cell) are well within the limits available in the literature. The proposed system is robust and user-friendly and performs the imaging of RBCs with high axial and lateral resolution (2.19 μm).
In this paper, digital holographic interferometric method is proposed for the measurement of diffusion coefficient of alcohol in distilled water. The diffusion coefficient is measured directly from the phase difference of the interferograms. In addition to this the alcohol-water diffusion process is characterized by dimensionless parameters such as Schmidt number, Prandtl number, Lewis number and Reynolds number.
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