The method of X-ray microanalysis was used for the detection of microbial cells among cell-like particles immediately in the samples of 170 thousand year old ancient Antarctic permafrost sediments. The X-ray spectra and the quantitative parameters of P, S, Ca and K contents in cell-like particles, as well as ratios Ca/K and P/S, were compared with the corresponding data obtained for microbial cells of various physiological states: vegetative cells -- resting forms -- non-viable micromummies. The absence of P and S peaks in X-ray spectra in the most of cell-like particles allowed us to regard them as non-living objects. Among other investigated cell-like particles we were able to find the resting forms of microorganisms with the increased intracellular level of Ca, high Ca/K ratio and low P/S ratio. So, X-ray microanalysis is a promising tool for a primary detection of microbial cells in situ and determination of their physiological state.
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