Volume 29 Issue 2 | Journal of Biomedical Optics

Journal of Biomedical Optics

VOL. 29 · NO. 2 | February 2024

CONTENTS

IN THIS ISSUE

JBO Letters (2)

Review Papers (1)

General (4)

Imaging (4)

Microscopy (1)

Sensing (4)

Therapeutic (1)

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JBO Letters

DCS blood flow index underestimates skeletal muscle perfusion in vivo: rationale and early evidence for the NIRS-DCS perfusion index

Miles Bartlett, Andrew Oneglia, Mark Ricard, Ashfaq Siddiqui, Erin Englund, Erin Buckley, Dennis Hueber, Michael Nelson

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 020501, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.020501

TOPICS: Muscles, Blood circulation, Red blood cells, Tissues, In vivo imaging, Doppler effect, Arteries, Magnetic resonance imaging, Ultrasonography, Velocity measurements

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Dual-modality rigid endoscope for photoacoustic imaging and white light videoscopy

Rehman Ansari, Edward Zhang, Paul Beard

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 020502, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.020502

TOPICS: Sensors, Endoscopes, Acquisition tracking and pointing, Tissues, 3D image processing, Endoscopy, Biological imaging, Ultrasonography, Microelectromechanical systems, Photoacoustic spectroscopy

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Review Papers

Review of machine learning for optical imaging of burn wound severity assessment

Robert H. Wilson, Rebecca Rowland, Gordon T. Kennedy, Chris Campbell, Victor C. Joe, Theresa L. Chin, David M. Burmeister, Robert J. Christy, Anthony J. Durkin

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 020901, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.020901

TOPICS: Education and training, Tissues, Image classification, Optical imaging, Deep learning, Machine learning, Skin, Optical coherence tomography, Image segmentation, Multispectral imaging

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General

Simulating photodynamic therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma using Monte Carlo radiative transport

Louise Finlayson, Lewis McMillan, Szabolcs Suveges, Douglas Steele, Raluca Eftimie, Dumitru Trucu, Christian Thomas A. Brown, Ewan Eadie, Kismet Hossain-Ibrahim, Kenneth Wood

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 025001, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.025001

TOPICS: Photodynamic therapy, Oxygen, Tumors, Monte Carlo methods, Resection, Tissues, Brain tissue, Brain, Light sources, Voxels

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Significance

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a rare but deadly form of brain tumor with a low median survival rate of 14.6 months, due to its resistance to treatment. An independent simulation of the INtraoperative photoDYnamic therapy for GliOblastoma (INDYGO) trial, a clinical trial aiming to treat the GBM resection cavity with photodynamic therapy (PDT) via a laser coupled balloon device, is demonstrated.

Aim

To develop a framework providing increased understanding for the PDT treatment, its parameters, and their impact on the clinical outcome.

Approach

We use Monte Carlo radiative transport techniques within a computational brain model containing a GBM to simulate light path and PDT effects. Treatment parameters (laser power, photosensitizer concentration, and irradiation time) are considered, as well as PDT’s impact on brain tissue temperature.

Results

The simulation suggests that 39% of post-resection GBM cells are killed at the end of treatment when using the standard INDYGO trial protocol (light fluence = 200 J/cm2 at balloon wall) and assuming an initial photosensitizer concentration of 5 μM. Increases in treatment time and light power (light fluence = 400 J/cm2 at balloon wall) result in further cell kill but increase brain cell temperature, which potentially affects treatment safety. Increasing the p hotosensitizer concentration produces the most significant increase in cell kill, with 61% of GBM cells killed when doubling concentration to 10 μM and keeping the treatment time and power the same. According to these simulations, the standard trial protocol is reasonably well optimized with improvements in cell kill difficult to achieve without potentially dangerous increases in temperature. To improve treatment outcome, focus should be placed on improving the photosensitizer.

Conclusions

With further development and optimization, the simulation could have potential clinical benefit and be used to help plan and optimize intraoperative PDT treatment for GBM.

Mechanism of dentin hardness measurements using a dentin hardness measuring device with a light-emitting diode

Sota Kondo, Yutaka Tomioka, Naohiro Fujimoto, Atsushi Mine, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Saeko Okumura, Hiroaki Tanimoto, Kenzo Yasuo, Kazushi Yoshikawa, Kazuyo Yamamoto, Hisanao Hazama

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 025002, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.025002

TOPICS: Dental caries, Scanning electron microscopy, Teeth, Elasticity, Light emitting diodes, Calcium, Cements, CMOS cameras, Water, Diagnostics

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Motion-artifact-free single shot two-beam optical coherence elastography system

Asha Parmar, Kanwarpal Singh

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 025003, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.025003

TOPICS: Tissues, Biological samples, Skin, Optical coherence, Phase velocity, Phase measurement, Motion measurement, Elastography, Optical coherence tomography, Transducers

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Retrieval of chromophore concentration changes in a digital human head model using analytical mean partial pathlengths of photons

Demián Vera, Héctor García, Nicolás Carbone, María Victoria Waks-Serra, Daniela Iriarte, Juan Pomarico

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 025004, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.025004

TOPICS: Chromophores, Analytic models, Head, Absorption, Simulations, Sensors, Photons, Tissues, Brain, Reconstruction algorithms

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Significance

Continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy has proved to be a valuable tool for assessing hemodynamic activity in the human brain in a non-invasively and inexpensive way. However, most of the current processing/analysis methods assume the head is a homogeneous medium, and hence do not appropriately correct for the signal coming from the scalp. This effect can be reduced by considering light propagation in a layered model of the human head, being the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations the gold standard to this end. However, this implies large computation times and demanding hardware capabilities.

Aim

In this work, we study the feasibility of replacing the homogeneous model and the MC simulations by means of analytical multilayered models, combining in this way, the speed and simplicity of implementation of the former with the robustness and accuracy of the latter.

Approach

Oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO and HbR, respectively) concentration changes were proposed in two different layers of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based meshed model of the human head, and then these changes were retrieved by means of (i) a typical homogeneous reconstruction and (ii) a theoretical layered reconstruction.

Results

Results suggest that the use of analytical models of light propagation in layered models outperforms the results obtained using traditional homogeneous reconstruction algorithms, providing much more accurate results for both, the extra- and the cerebral tissues. We also compare the analytical layered reconstruction with MC-based reconstructions, achieving similar degrees of accuracy, especially in the gray matter layer, but much faster (between 4 and 5 orders of magnitude).

Conclusions

We have successfully developed, implemented, and validated a method for retrieving chromophore concentration changes in the human brain, combining the simplicity and speed of the traditional homogeneous reconstruction algorithms with robustness and accuracy much more similar to those provided by MC simulations.

Imaging

Semi-automatic standardized analysis method to objectively evaluate near-infrared fluorescent dyes in image-guided surgery

Tom Dijkhuis, Okker Bijlstra, Mats Warmerdam, Robin Faber, Daan G. Linders, Hidde Galema, Alexander Broersen, Jouke Dijkstra, Peter J. Kuppen, Alexander Vahrmeijer, Jan Sven David Mieog

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 026001, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.026001

TOPICS: Fluorescence, Tumors, Dyes, Surgery, Fluorescence imaging, Statistical analysis, Fluorescence intensity, Analytical research, Image analysis, Tissues

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Ultra-miniature dual-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging for micro-endoscopy

Jane Crowley, George S. Gordon

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 026002, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.026002

TOPICS: Optical properties, Absorption, Scattering, Tissues, Cameras, Spatial frequencies, Imaging systems, Tunable filters, Image filtering, Video

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In vivo visualization of burn depth in skin tissue of rats using hemoglobin parameters estimated by diffuse reflectance spectral imaging

Md. Anowar Parvez, Kazuhiro Yashiro, Yuki Nagahama, Yasuyuki Tsunoi, Daizoh Saitoh, Shunichi Sato, Izumi Nishidate

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 026003, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.026003

TOPICS: Skin, Injuries, Tissues, Image classification, Visualization, Absorbance, In vivo imaging, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Oxygen, Imaging spectroscopy

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Significance

Burn injuries represent a global public health problem that kills an estimated 180,000 people annually. Non-fatal burns result in prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability. The most common, convenient, and widely used method for assessing burn depth is physical or visual examination, but the accuracy of this method is reportedly poor (60% to 75%). Rapid, correct assessment of burn depth is very important for the optimal management and treatment of burn patients. New methods of burn depth assessment that are inexpensive, simple, rapid, non-contact, and non-invasive are therefore needed.

Aim

The aim of this study was to propose an approach to visualize the spatial distribution of burn depth using hemoglobin parameters estimated from spectral diffuse reflectance imaging and to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for differentiating burn depth in a rat model of scald burn injury.

Approach

The new approach to creating a spatial map of burn depth was based on canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) of total hemoglobin concentration, tissue oxygen saturation, and methemoglobin saturation as estimated from spectral diffuse reflectance images. Burns of three different degrees of severity were created in rat dorsal skin by 10-s exposure to water maintained at 70°C, 78°C, and 98°C, respectively. Spectral images for dorsal regions were acquired under anesthesia immediately after burn injury and at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after injury.

Results

Most areas of images in the group with skin exposed to 70°C water and 98°C water were classified as 70°C burn and 98°C burn, respectively. In contrast, no significant difference between areas classified as 78°C burn and 98°C burn from 24 h to 72 h was evident in the group with skin exposed to 78°C water, suggesting that burn depth was heterogeneous.

Conclusions

The proposed approach combining diffuse reflectance spectral imaging and CDA appears promising for differentiating 70°C burns from 78°C burns and 98°C burns, and 98°C burns from 70°C burns and 78°C burns at 24 to 72 h after burn injury in a rat model of scald burn injury.

Multiplexed near infrared fluorescence lifetime imaging in turbid media

Meital Harel, Uri Arbiv, Rinat Ankri

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 026004, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.026004

TOPICS: Dyes, Multiplexing, Photons, Tissues, Fluorophores, Near infrared, Histograms, Fluorescence, Scattering, Fluorescence lifetime imaging

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Microscopy

Phase contrast reflectance confocal brain imaging at 1650 nm

Patrick Delafontaine Martel, Cong Zhang, Andreas Linninger, Frédéric Lesage

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 026501, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.026501

TOPICS: Confocal microscopy, Phase contrast, Reflectivity, Biological imaging, Microscopes, Skull, Reflection, Brain imaging, Axons, Tissues

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Sensing

Toward the use of diffuse reflection spectroscopy for intra-operative tissue discrimination during sarcoma surgery

Freija Geldof, Yvonne M. Schrage, Winan J. van Houdt, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Behdad Dashtbozorg, Theo J. M. Ruers

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 027001, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.027001

TOPICS: Tissues, Tumors, Reflectance spectroscopy, Resection, Surgery, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Binary data, Spectroscopy, Skin, Muscles

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First in human measurements of abscess cavity optical properties and methylene blue uptake prior to photodynamic therapy by in vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Md Nafiz Hannan, Ashwani K. Sharma, Timothy Baran

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 027002, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.027002

TOPICS: Optical properties, Photodynamic therapy, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Absorption, Sensors, Optical testing, Optical spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Scattering, Oxygen

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Transcutaneous fluorescence spectroscopy: development and characterization of a compact, portable, and fiber-optic sensor

Elena Monfort Sanchez, James Avery, Jonathan Gan, Jingjing Qian, Nilanjan Mandal, Arjun Agarwal, Mulima Mwiinga, Rose Banda, Ara Darzi, Paul Kelly, Alex Thompson

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 027003, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.027003

TOPICS: Fluorescence, Sensors, Fluorescence intensity, Photodiodes, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Skin, Magnesium, Light emitting diodes, Permeability, Contrast agents

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Significance

The integrity of the intestinal barrier is gaining recognition as a significant contributor to various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), and malnutrition. EED, for example, manifests as complex structural and functional changes in the small intestine leading to increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and reduced absorption of nutrients. Despite the importance of gut function, current techniques to assess intestinal permeability (such as endoscopic biopsies or dual sugar assays) are either highly invasive, unreliable, and/or difficult to perform in certain patient populations (e.g., infants).

Aim

We present a portable, optical sensor based on transcutaneous fluorescence spectroscopy to assess gut function (in particular, intestinal permeability) in a fast and noninvasive manner.

Approach

Participants receive an oral dose of a fluorescent contrast agent, and a wearable fiber-optic probe detects the permeation of the contrast agent from the gut into the blood stream by measuring the fluorescence intensity noninvasively at the fingertip. We characterized the performance of our compact optical sensor by comparing it against an existing benchtop spectroscopic system. In addition, we report results from a human study in healthy volunteers investigating the impact of skin tone and contrast agent dose on transcutaneous fluorescence signals.

Results

The first study with eight healthy participants showed good correlation between our compact sensor and the existing benchtop spectroscopic system [correlation coefficient (r)>0.919, p<0.001]. Further experiments in 14 healthy participants revealed an approximately linear relationship between the ingested contrast agent dose and the collected signal intensity. Finally, a parallel study on the impact of different skin tones showed no significant differences in signal levels between participants with different skin tones (p>0.05).

Conclusions

In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of our compact transcutaneous fluorescence sensor for noninvasive monitoring of intestinal health.

Application of transfer learning for rapid calibration of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance probes for extraction of tissue optical properties

Md Nafiz Hannan, Timothy Baran

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 027004, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.027004

TOPICS: Artificial neural networks, Optical properties, Education and training, Scattering, Machine learning, Calibration, Sensors, Absorption, Data modeling, Biomedical applications

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Therapeutic

Robust, high-density lesion mapping in the left atrium with near-infrared spectroscopy

Haiqiu Yang, Jonah Majumder, Ziyi Huang, Deepak Saluja, Kenneth Laurita, Andrew Rollins, Christine Hendon

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 02, 028001, (February 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.2.028001

TOPICS: Tissues, Blood, Near infrared spectroscopy, Tissue optics, Radiofrequency ablation, Heart, Ablation, Data modeling, Education and training, Reflectivity

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