KEYWORDS: Computer simulations, Data modeling, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Image segmentation, RGB color model, Explosives, Visualization, Machine learning, 3D modeling, Video
Datasets with accurate ground truth from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are cost and time prohibitive. This is a problem as most modern machine learning (ML) algorithms are based on supervised learning and require large and diverse well-annotated datasets. As a result, new creative ideas are needed to drive innovation in robust and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) / ML. Herein, we use the Unreal Engine (UE) to generate simulated visual spectrum imagery for explosive hazard detection (EHD) with corresponding pixel-level labels, UAV metadata, and environment metadata. We also have access to a relatively small set of real world EH data with less precise ground truth – axis aligned bounding box labels – and sparse metadata. In this article, we train a lightweight, real-time, pixel-level EHD pre-screener for a low-altitude UAV. Specifically, we focus on training with respect to different combinations of simulated and real data. Encouraging preliminary results are provided relative to real world EH data. Our findings suggest that while simulated data can be used to augment limited volume and variety real world data, it could perhaps be sufficient by itself to train an EHD pre-screener.
Recent advancements in signal processing and computer vision are largely due to machine learning (ML). While exciting, the reality is that most modern ML approaches are based on supervised learning and require large and diverse collections of well annotated data. Furthermore, top performing ML models are black (opaque) versus glass (transparent) boxes. It is not clear what they are doing and when/where they work. Herein, we use modern video game engine technology to better understand and help create improved ML solutions by confronting the real world annotated data bottleneck problem. Specifically, we discuss a procedural environment and dataset collection process in the Unreal Engine (UE) for explosive hazard detection (EHD). This process is driven by the underlying variables impacting EHD: object, environment, and platform/sensor (low altitude drone herein). Furthermore, we outline a process for generating data at different levels of visual abstraction to train ML algorithms, encourage improved features, and evaluate ML model generalizability. Encouraging preliminary results and insights are provided relative to simulated aerial EHD experiments.
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