Random numbers which are unpredictable and definitely unknown by anyone before they are generated are now used in a large number of real-world applications ranging from authentication, gaming, many online activities to simulations and optimizations. The development of a trusted randomness source is thus a necessity. In this work we present a simple design of a certifiable quantum random number generation and its. In particular we show how real-time low-latency randomness can be generated from measurements on time-bin photonic states every 0.12s. We generate a block of 2^13 random bits certifiable against the most powerful quantum adversary with its error bounded by 2^-64. Further our device is suitable for continuous operation giving it a potential application as a quantum randomness beacon.
Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) error correction is a one-way algorithm that has become popular for quantum key
distribution (QKD) post-processing. Graphic processing units (GPUs) provide an interesting attached platform that may
deliver high rates of error correction performance for QKD. We present the details of our various LDPC GPU
implementations and both error correction and execution throughput performance that each achieves. We also discuss
the potential for implementation on a GPU platform to achieve Gbit/s throughput.
Polar coding is the most recent encoding scheme in the quest for error correction codes that approaches the Shannon
limit, has a simple structure, and admits fast decoders. As such, it is an interesting candidate for the quantum key
distribution (QKD) protocol that normally operates at high bit error rates and requires codes that operate near the
Shannon limit. This paper describes approaches that integrate Polar codes into the QKD environment and provides
performance results of Polar code designs within the QKD protocol.
We present the quantum key distribution (QKD) secure key ratio expression in a form that exposes the parameters that
affect the Reconciliation (error correction) stage. Reconciliation is the least well understood in practical terms and is
typically described through a model that provides little guidance when it comes to efficient implementation, although it
requires significant resources and is required to achieve a performance level commensurate with the other stages of the
QKD protocol implementation. We addresses the issue of practical QKD error correction, questions of performance
based on our data and data that have been published, and addresses the issue of platforms capable of handling rates of
Gb/s.
Secret keys can be established through the use of a Quantum channel monitored through classical channel which can be
thought of as being error free. The quantum channel is subject to massive erasures and discards of erroneously measured
bit values and as a result the error correction mechanism to be used must be accordingly modified. This paper addresses
the impact of error correction (known as Reconciliation) on the secrecy of the retained bits and issues concerning the
efficient software implementation of the Low Density Parity Check algorithm in the Quantum Key Distribution
environment. The performance of three algorithmic variants are measured through implementations and the collected
sample data suggest that the implementation details are particularly important
We developed low-noise up-conversion single photon detectors for 1310 nm based on a periodically-poled LiNbO3
(PPLN) waveguide. The low-noise feature is achieved by using a pulsed optical pump at a wavelength longer than the
signal wavelength. The detectors were used in a quantum key distribution (QKD) systems based on polarization
encoding, measurement for entangled photon pairs and spectrum measurement at single photon levels. In this paper, the
overall detection efficiency and noise level of the detectors are characterized and the polarization and wavelength
sensitivity of the detection efficiency is analyzed. The applications of this detector in quantum information systems are
also described.
The recent advances in superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD or SSPD) technology has enabled
long distance quantum key distribution (QKD) over an optical fiber. We point out that the performance of SNSPDs play
a crucial role in achieving a secure transmission distance of 100 km or longer. We analyze such an impact from a
simplified model and use it to interpret results from our differential-phase-shift (DPS) QKD experiment. This allows us
to discuss the optimization of the detection time window and the clock frequency given the detector characteristics such
as dark count rate, detection efficiency, and timing jitter.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) channels are typically realized by transmitting and detecting single photons, and
therefore suffer from dramatic reductions in throughput due to both channel loss and noise. These shortcomings can be
mitigated by applying telecommunications clock-recovery techniques to maximize the bandwidth of the single-photon
channel and minimize the system's exposure to noise. We demonstrate a QKD system operating continuously at a
quantum-channel transmission rate of 1.25 GHz, with dedicated data-handling hardware and error-correction/privacy
amplification. We discuss the design and performance of our system and highlight issues which limit our maximum
transmission and key production rates.
Complete high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) systems over fiber networks for campus and metro areas have
been developed at NIST. The systems include an 850-nm QKD system for a campus network, a 1310-nm QKD system
for metro networks, and a 3-user QKD network and network manager. In this paper we describe the key techniques
used to implement these systems, including polarization recovery, noise reduction, frequency up-conversion detection
based on PPLN waveguide, custom high-speed data handling and network management. A QKD-secured video
surveillance system has been used to experimentally demonstrate these systems.
Detection-time-bin-shift (DTBS) is a scheme that projects the measurement bases or measured photon values into
detection time-bins and then time division multiplexes a single photon detector in a quantum key distribution (QKD)
system. This scheme can simplify the structure of a QKD system, reduce its cost and overcome the security problems
caused by the dead-time introduced self-correlation and the unbalanced characteristics of detectors. In this paper, we
present several DTBS schemes for QKD systems based on attenuated laser pulses and entangled photon sources. We
study the security issues of these DTBS schemes, especially the time-bin-shift intercept-resend attack and its
countermeasures. A fiber-based DTBS QKD system has been developed and its results are presented in this paper.
The desire for quantum-generated cryptographic key for broadband encryption services has motivated the development
of high-transmission-rate single-photon quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The maximum operational
transmission rate of a QKD system is ultimately limited by the timing resolution of the single-photon detectors and
recent advances have enabled the demonstration of QKD systems operating at transmission rates well in to the GHz
regime. We have demonstrated quantum generated one-time-pad encryption of a streaming video signal with high
transmission rate QKD systems in both free-space and fiber. We present an overview of our high-speed QKD
architecture that allows continuous operation of the QKD link, including error correction and privacy amplification, and
increases the key-production rate by maximizing the transmission rate and minimizing the temporal gating on the
single-photon channel. We also address count-rate concerns that arise at transmission rates that are orders of magnitude
higher than the maximum count rate of the single-photon detectors.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) system was
designed to include custom hardware to support the generation and management of gigabit data streams. As our
photonics improved our software sifting algorithm couldn't keep up with the amount of data generated. To eliminate
this problem we implemented the sifting algorithm into our programmable chip (FPGA) hardware, gaining a factor of
50x improvement in the sifting capacity rate. As we increased the distance and speed of our QKD systems, we discovered a number of other performance bottlenecks in our custom hardware. We discuss those bottlenecks along with a new custom hardware design that will alleviate them, resulting in an order of magnitude increase in capacity of secret key generation rate.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) can produce secure cryptographic key for use in symmetric cryptosystems. By adopting clock-recovery techniques from modern telecommunications practice we have demonstrated a free-space quantum key distribution system operating at a transmission rate of 625 MHz at 850 nm. The transmission rate of this system is ultimately limited by the timing resolution of the single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs), and we present a solution to take advantage of SPADs with higher timing resolution that can enable repetition rates up to 2.5 GHz. We also show that with high-repetition-rate sub-clock gating these higher-resolution SPADs can reduce the system's exposure to solar background photons, thus reducing the quantum-bit error rate (QBER) and improving system performance.
Quantum Cryptography has demonstrated the potential for ultra-secure communications. However, with quantumchannel
transmission rates in the MHz range, typical link losses and signal-to-noise ratios have resulted in keyproduction
rates that are impractical for continuous one-time-pad encryption of high-bandwidth communications. We have developed high-speed data handling electronics that support quantum-channel transmission rates up to 1.25 GHz.
This system has demonstrated error-corrected and privacy-amplified key rates above 1 Mbps over a free-space link.
While the transmission rate is ultimately limited by timing jitter in the single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs),
we find the timing resolution of silicon SPADs sufficient to operate efficiently with temporal gates as short as 100 ps.
We have developed systems to implement such high-resolution gating in our system, and anticipate the attendant
reduction in noise to produce significantly higher secret-key bitrates.
Free-space Quantum key distribution (QKD) has shown the potential for the practical production of cryptographic key for ultra-secure communications. The performance of any QKD system is ultimately limited by the signal to noise ratio on the single-photon channel, and over most useful communications links the resulting key rates are impractical for performing continuous one-time-pad encryption of today's broadband communications. We have adapted clock and data recovery techniques from modern telecommunications practice, combined with a synchronous classical free-space optical communications link operating in parallel, to increase the repetition rate of a free-space QKD system by roughly 2 orders of magnitude over previous demonstrations. We have also designed the system to operate in the H-alpha Fraunhofer window at 656.28 nm, where the solar background is reduced by roughly 7 dB. This system takes advantage of high efficiency silicon single-photon avalanche photodiodes with <50ps timing resolution that are expected to enable operation at a repetition rate of 2.5 GHz. We have identified scalable solutions for delivering sustained one-time-pad encryption at 10 Mbps, thus making it possible to integrate quantum cryptography into first-generation Ethernet protocols.
We previously demonstrated a high speed, point to point, quantum key distribution (QKD) system with polarization
coding over a fiber link, in which the resulting cryptographic keys were used for one-time pad encryption of real time
video signals. In this work, we extend the technology to a three-node active QKD network - one Alice and two Bobs. A
QKD network allows multiple users to generate and share secure quantum keys. In comparison with a passive QKD
network, nodes in an active network can actively select a destination as a communication partner and therefore, its
sifted-key rate can remain at a speed almost as high as that in the point-to-point QKD. We demonstrate our three-node
QKD network in the context of a QKD secured real-time video surveillance system. In principle, the technologies for the
three-node network are extendable to multi-node networks easily. In this paper, we report our experiments, including
the techniques for timing alignment and polarization recovery during switching, and discuss the network architecture and
its expandability to multi-node networks.
NIST has developed a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) test bed incorporating both free-space and fiber systems. These systems demonstrate a major increase in the attainable rate of QKD systems: over two orders of magnitude faster than other systems. NIST's approach to high-speed QKD is based on a synchronous model with hardware support. Practical one-time pad encryption requires high key generation rates since one bit of key is needed for each bit of data to be encrypted. A one-time pad encrypted surveillance video application was developed and serves as a demonstration of the speed, robustness and sustainability of the NIST QKD systems. We discuss our infrastructure, both hardware and software, its operation and performance along with our migration to quantum networks.
Quantum cryptography asserts that shared secrets can be established over public channels in such a way that the total information of an eavesdropper can be made arbitrarily small with probability arbitrarily close to 1. As we will show below, the current state of affairs, especially as it pertains to engineering issues, leaves something to be desired.
A complete fiber-based polarization encoding quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on the BB84 protocol has been developed at National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The system can be operated at a sifted key rate of more than 4 Mbit/s over optical fiber of length 1 km and mean photon number 0.1. The quantum channel uses 850 nm photons from attenuated high speed VCSELs and the classical channel uses 1550 nm light from normal commercial coarse wavelength division multiplexing devices. Sifted-key rates and quantum error rates at different transmission rates are measured as a function of distance (fiber length). A polarization auto-compensation module has been developed and utilized to recover the polarization state and to compensate for temporal drift. An automatic timing alignment device has also been developed to quickly handle the initial configuration of quantum channels so that detection events fall into the correct timing window. These automated functions make the system more practical for integration into existing optical local area networks.
We have implemented a quantum key distribution (QKD) system with polarization encoding at 850 nm over 1 km of optical fiber. The high-speed management of the bit-stream, generation of random numbers and processing of the sifting algorithm are all handled by a pair of custom data handling circuit boards. As a complete system using a clock rate of 1.25 Gbit/s, it produces sifted keys at a rate of 1.1 Mb/s with an error rate lower than 1.3% while operating at a transmission rate of 312.5 Mbit/s and a mean photon number μ = 0.1. With a number of proposed improvements this system has a potential for a higher key rate without an elevated error rate.
We describe the status of the NIST Quantum Communication Testbed (QCT) facility. QCT is a facility for exploring quantum communication in an environment similar to that projected for early commercial implementations: quantum cryptographic key exchange on a gigabit/second free-space optical (FSO) channel. Its purpose is to provide an open platform for testing and validating performance in the application, network, and physical layers of quantum communications systems. The channel uses modified commercial FSO equipment to link two buildings on the Gaithersburg, MD campus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), separated by approximately 600 meters. At the time of writing, QCT is under construction; it will eventually be made available to the research community as a user facility. This paper presents the basic design considerations underlying QCT, and reports the status of the project.
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