KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Data communications, Field programmable gate arrays, Signal processing, Digital signal processing, Optical communications, Optical fibers, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Optical modulators, Modulators, Binary data, Phase modulation, Forward error correction, Single mode fibers, Signal generators, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Phase shift keying
This article present several possible implementations for an optical square 16-QAM transmitter structures. Two efficient carrier phase estimation techniques with feed-forward structure have been tested in a real-time transmission and compared with each other to present the influence of phase noise; Blind Phase Search (BPS) and QPSK partitioning. 2.5 Gbit/s synchronous coherent 16-QAM data is transmitted and received in a real-time heterodyne setup with BER below FEC (7% overhead) threshold.
This letter shows that coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is a suitable modulation format for long-haul transmission when fiber nonlinearities are dominated. A combination of RF pilot (RFP) tone technique with various subcarrier filling schemes and various RFP guard band frame structure are studied. This technique is effective to combat inter- and intra-channel nonlinearity and enhance the performance of CO-OFDM system. The simulation results show an improvement in Q-factor tolerance due to laser phase noise and fiber nonlinearity compared to standard RF pilot technique. A transmission distance of 2400 km was considered, with the transmission over a standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with a nonlinear coefficient of 2.6×10-20 m2/W. The compensation of the chromatic dispersion (CD) is carried out at the receiver. It is obvious that using only RF pilot technique is affected strongly by SPM induced mean nonlinear phase shifts from Q-factor plot. Partial carrier filling (PCF) technique is used here to improve the nonlinearity performance of the transmission.
The effects of fiber nonlinearity in Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM)
transmission, such as self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM), are a major concern. In this
paper, we investigate the use of RF-Pilot (RFP) based nonlinearity compensation scheme in frequency domain to
compensate for fiber nonlinearity in a coherent OFDM optical system. It shows that the RFP-based compensation
scheme has superiority over a conventional pilot-based compensation scheme at FEC threshold.
Combination of quadrature amplitude modulation with coherent detection is attractive for optical transmission systems,
since it permits an increase of data rate without increasing the symbol rate or the required bandwidth. 16-point
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) is most interesting in this context. In-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals
transmit 2 bit each. Together with polarization division multiplex this amounts to 8 bit/symbol.
2.5 Gbit/s synchronous coherent 16-QAM data is transmitted and received in a realtime intradyne setup with BER below
FEC (7% overhead) threshold. A phase noise tolerant feedforward carrier recovery concept with hardware-efficient
implementation was tested. Transmission was error-free in a back-to-back electrical test for various PRBS lengths. The
carrier recovery does not contain any feedback loop and is therefore highly tolerant against laser phase noise.
Polarization multiplexing and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) both double spectral efficiency. Combined with
synchronous coherent polarization diverse intradyne receivers this modulation format is ultra-robust and cost-efficient. A
feedforward carrier recovery is required in order to tolerate phase noise of normal DFB lasers. Signal processing in the
digital domain permits compensation of at least chromatic and polarization mode dispersion. Some companies have
products on the market, others are working on them. For 100 GbE transmission, 50 GHz channel spacing is sufficient.
16ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) is attractive to double capacity once more, possibly in a modulation
format flexible transponder which is switched down to QPSK only if system margin is too low. For 16-QAM the phase
noise problem is sharply increased. However, also here a feedforward carrier recovery has been implemented. A number
of carrier phase angles is tested in parallel, and the recovered data is selected for that phase angle where squared distance
of recovered data to the nearest constellation point, averaged over a number of symbols, is minimum. An intradyne/selfhomodyne
synchronous coherent 16-QAM experiment (2.5 Gb/s, 81 km) is presented.
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