For decades the need for organs for transplantation by far exceeds their availability, costing the lives of patients in desperate need for a transplant. This need has acted as driving force for the growth of the tissue engineering field. For the most part, tissue engineering utilizes scaffolds made of decellularized tissues or synthetic and natural hydrogels that can be polymerized. More recently, bioprinting has emerged as a robust alternative for precise placing of cells onto scaffolds or into polymers. Laser bioprinting, in particular, allows high speed and precise printing of cells into any bioink and with high viability. In this study, we use laser bioprinting to engineer urinary bladder tissue for regenerative medicine applications. Using a natural hydrogel and primary smooth muscle cells and urothelial cells, we have managed to print ex vivo bladder explants which recapitulate the structure of native urinary bladder.
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