Retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes that can cause severe vision loss if not detected and managed promptly. In this study, we propose a comprehensive approach that leverages image processing techniques to analyze fundus images of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Our primary focus is on vein extraction and hemorrhage detection, with exudate detection being performed only on specific images to showcase advancements in the current prototype algorithm. The dataset used in this project consists of images obtained from Mexican ophthalmology institutes, ensuring its relevance and applicability to the local population. By extracting veins and hemorrhages, we aim to capture crucial features indicative of the severity of retinopathy. These generated images, along with the original dataset, are utilized to train convolutional neural network (CNN) models, enabling accurate classification of the disease's degree into three categories. The significance of this project lies in its potential to serve as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy. By automating the analysis of fundus images and providing objective classification results, our algorithm aims to assist healthcare professionals in making informed decisions regarding treatment and management options. The proposed method can potentially enhance the efficiency and precision of diabetic retinopathy (DR) diagnosis, improving Mexican health outcomes.
Different concentrations of charcoal and carbon nanotubes were incorporated in different mix types of soil samples, these were previously chemically characterized, and physically grain standardized, then the water potential was measured by traditional procedures, which need to consider the water composition and the soil salinity to achieve an accurate measurement, and by infrared thermal images where the water potential was correlated with the superficial emissivity. It was observed that the organic incorporation increases the water potential but it depends of soil gradation, a biggest increment of the water potential was observed in a poorly graded soil than that observed in a well graded soil; the nanotubes in low concentrations do not present considerable changes in the water potential, and in high concentrations the cost is not profitable. It was analyzed the minimum concentration changes of charcoal and nanotubes in the soil that can be measured with thermal emissivity, and the deepness at which the infrared thermal images can measure, also it was studied the rate of water drain in the different soils, and the ability of follow this with thermal sequence of images.
Encouraged to improve the procedure to measure the blood flow in cases with peripheral artery disease using thermography, that allows to evaluate several arteries simultaneously, it was developed an alternative to measure the volumetric flow through a conduit, it was studied the variation of the thermal energy computed from thermal images due to changes in flow at different temperatures, and it was observed that the measurement is not strongly influenced by the emissivity of the conduit, the ambient temperature and humidity, but that is necessary to establish an adequate calibration of the camera to can use it as measurement instrument.
Thermal emissivity can be used to determine the moisture content in soils, but it is strongly influenced by the kind of soil and the organic matter content. These experiments were performed by recording infrared images of the wet soils as a function of water loss. Samples with different organic matter content were wet until reach the field capacity; then, a sequence of thermal images was acquired to follow the different stages of drying process of the studied samples. The emissivity was calculated indirectly by measuring the reflection and absorption of the samples.
Although the emissivity behavior of soil moisture has been the subject of numerous research works, making a critical survey of published results, it is possible to find some inconsistencies. The works establish that the effect of increasing soil moisture is principally reduce reflectance and increase emissivity. However, using the direct method for measurement of emissivity, different results were obtained. A dozen of different kinds of soil from the region were analyzed, at different moisture levels and it was found that in all of them, as the moisture content increases, emissivity of the sample decreases.
A noninvasive, quick, reliable, and relatively cheap procedure for the diagnosis of onychomycosis is put forward. It is known that a nail may show an abnormal appearance, although only 50% of all the nails having such an appearance may owe it to the presence of onychomycosis; hence, adequate diagnosis of nail disease is needed for appropriate prescription of medication and treatment of the nail. In order to contribute to the process of improvement in the diagnosis, a procedure based on the analysis of medium-range infrared images is presented in which it is possible to observe energy changes mostly due to the changes in emissivity of the nail. As a nail is more affected by onychomycosis, such changes become more intense. Also, it was found that a nail without onychomycosis has a lower temperature than toe skin, but has a higher emission of energy. Fifty percent of the ailments that may a cause a fingernail or toenail to have an abnormal appearance are not considered in the present work.
To study the radiation emitted by the human skin, the emissivity of its surface must be known. We present a new approach to measure the emissivity of the human skin in vivo. Our method is based on the calculation of the difference of two infrared images: one acquired before projecting a CO2 laser beam on the surface of the skin and the other after such projection. The difference image contains the radiation reflected by the skin, which is used to calculate the emissivity, making use of Kirchhoff's law and the Helmholtz reciprocity relation. With our method, noncontact measurements are achieved, and the determination of the skin temperature is not needed, which has been an inconvenience for other methods. We show that it is possible to make determinations of the emissivity at specific wavelengths. Last, our results confirm that the human skin obeys Lambert's law of diffuse reflection and that it behaves almost like a blackbody at a wavelength of 10.6 µm.
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