This paper describes an evaluation of the capability of two tests of vision, stereoacuity and fusion recovery range, to predict depth discrimination performance for subjects using a hyperstereoscopic display system. For the hyperstereo performance evaluation, 14 subjects completed a depth discrimination task presented at multiple positions and depths in a remote vision system (RVS) simulation similar to that used by air refueling operators on the KC-46 aircraft. Prior to performing the hyperstereo task, each subject completed automated tests of stereoacuity and binocular fusion recovery range. Evaluation results indicate that both stereoacuity (R2 = 0.64) and recovery range (R2 = 0.45) reliably predict (p ≤ 0.01) hyperstereo depth discrimination performance. The use of a two-factor model improves predictive capability (R2 = 0.73); however, the utility of including recovery range scores depended on viewing conditions. When easy viewing conditions (high contrast stimuli presented near the depth of the display) were used, performance was predicted by stereoacuity and the prediction was not improved using recovery range scores. Under difficult viewing conditions (low contrast stimuli, background clutter, crosstalk, and dipvergence), the prediction of hyperstereo performance was significantly improved by including recovery range scores. These results suggest that a binocular fusion recovery range test should be used in conjunction with a stereoacuity test to predict the performance of operators using hyperstereoscopic displays under the more difficult viewing conditions that can be expected in operational environments. Stereoscopic display design considerations and the importance of computer-based vision testing will be discussed in detail.
Over the past few decades the term “eye-limited resolution” has seen significant use. However, several variations in the definition of the term have been employed and estimates of the display pixel pitch required to achieve it differ significantly. This paper summarizes the results of published evaluations and experiments conducted in our laboratories relating to resolution requirements. The results of several evaluations employing displays with sufficient antialiasing indicate a pixel pitch of 0.5 to 0.93 arcmin will produce 90% of peak performance for observers with 20/20 or better acuity for a variety of visual tasks. If insufficient antialiasing is employed, spurious results can indicate that a finer pixel pitch is required due to the presence of sampling artifacts. The paper reconciles these findings with hyperacuity task performance which a number of authors have suggested may require a much finer pixel pitch. The empirical data provided in this paper show that hyperacuity task performance does not appear to be a driver of eye-limited resolution. Asymptotic visual performance is recommended as the basis of eye-limited resolution because it provides the most stable estimates and is well aligned with the needs of the display design and acquisition communities.
Advances in the capabilities of the display-related technologies with potential uses in simulation training devices
continue to occur at a rapid pace. Simultaneously, ongoing reductions in defense spending stimulate the services to push
a higher proportion of training into ground-based simulators to reduce their operational costs. These two trends result in
increased customer expectations and desires for more capable training devices, while the money available for these
devices is decreasing. Thus, there exists an increasing need to improve the efficiency of the acquisition process and to
increase the probability that users get the training devices they need at the lowest practical cost. In support of this need
the IDEAS program was initiated in 2010 with the goal of improving display system requirements associated with unmet
user needs and expectations and disrupted acquisitions. This paper describes a process of identifying, rating, and
selecting the design parameters that should receive research attention. Analyses of existing requirements documents
reveal that between 40 and 50 specific design parameters (i.e., resolution, contrast, luminance, field of view, frame rate,
etc.) are typically called out for the acquisition of a simulation training display system. Obviously no research effort can
address the effects of this many parameters. Thus, we developed a defensible strategy for focusing limited R&D
resources on a fraction of these parameters. This strategy encompasses six criteria to identify the parameters most
worthy of research attention. Examples based on display design parameters recommended by stakeholders are provided.
This paper describes the development, measurement, computation, and initial testing of a metric of antialiasing
sufficiency for stereoscopic display systems. A summary is provided of two previous evaluations that demonstrated
stereoscopic disparity thresholds in the range of 3 to 10 arcsec are attainable using electronic displays with a pixel pitch as coarse as 2.5 arcmin, however, only if sufficient antialiasing is performed. Equations are provided that describe the critical level of antialiasing required as a function of pixel pitch. The proposed metric uses a radial test pattern that can be photographed from the user eyepoint using a hand held consumer color camera. Several candidate unitary metrics that quantify the spatial sampling noise in the measured test pattern were tested. The correlation obtained between the best candidate metric and the stereoscopic disparity threshold model from our previous paper was R2 = 0.994. The standard deviation of repeated measurements with a hand held camera was less than 0.5% of the range of the metric, indicating the metric is capable of discriminating fine differences in sampling noise. The proposed method is display technology independent and requires no knowledge of the display pixel structure or how the antialiasing is implemented.
Honeywell conducted two display simulations and evaluations to define design requirements for a stereoscopic, head-mounted, surgical display. The use of stereoscopic imagery resulted in striking improvements in surgical performance, as well as lending a degree of novelty and excitement to the procedure. Surgeons indicated they anticipate many benefits of such a system.
KEYWORDS: Visual process modeling, Systems modeling, Displays, Modulation, Image quality, Spatial frequencies, Human vision and color perception, Colorimetry, Data modeling, Performance modeling
Two general characteristics of full-color display systems which are known to impact image quality include the ability of the
display system to transfer modulation (chromatic as well as achromatic) and the degree to which the display system adds noise
(chromatic and achromatic) to the signal. This paper describes a model of human spatial-chromatic vision and a corresponding
procedure for using the model to evaluate color display systems. Together the proposed model and procedure constitute a
color image quality metric which is responsive to the modulation transfer and noise generating characteristics of a display
system.
The proposed human vision model employs processing stages which simulate blurring by the optics of the eye, linear spectral
absorption by three classes of cone, addition of internal noise, nonlinear transduction by retinal mechanisms, derivation of
opponent-color images, and calculation of the responses of linear spatial mechanisms with finite spatial frequency and
orientation bandwidth. A summary of the modulation detection, discrimination, and suprathreshold contrast perception
performance of the model is presented and compared with human performance data from the visual science literature. A
procedure for evaluating display systems using the model is described and the results of several analyses of display systems are
presented.
High correlations between predictions made by the model and the results of image quality studies from the display design
literature have been obtained with no free parameters in the model. The results of the validation studies conducted so far
suggest that the proposed method for evaluating color display systems is viable and warrants critical examination.
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