SignificanceDespite the availability of various anti-seizure medications, nearly 1/3 of epilepsy patients experience drug-resistant seizures. These patients are left with invasive surgical options that do not guarantee seizure remission. The development of novel treatment options depends on elucidating the complex biology of seizures and brain networks.AimWe aimed to develop an experimental paradigm that uses anatomical network information, functional connectivity, and in vivo seizure models to determine how brain networks, and their manipulation, affect seizure propagation.ApproachGuided by a known anatomical network, we applied widefield calcium imaging to determine how neural activity and seizures spread through the network regions, focusing on the primary somatosensory cortex and secondary motor cortex. We used in vivo microstimulation to induce suprathreshold excitatory activation and compared this reproducible stimulus with acute pharmacologically induced spontaneous seizure propagation. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we ablated a single node within this bilateral network and measured the effect on propagation and recruitment. Similar preliminary experiments were repeated in a chronic seizure model.ResultsThe microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex propagated in a distinct pattern throughout the bilateral network with sequential reproducible node recruitment. Seizures recapitulated this same pattern, indicating a hijacking of existing pathways. Ablation of a key node in the network in the secondary motor cortex changed contralateral spread. Early chronic cobalt seizure data are presented.ConclusionHere, we demonstrate a paradigm for combining widefield calcium imaging with microstimulation, cortical ablation, and seizure mapping to determine how anatomical networks inform the propagation patterns of cortical seizures. These experiments can be extended to long-term tracking of epilepsy to study epileptogenesis in other cortical networks. Our proof-of-concept findings suggest that this paradigm may be useful in the development of novel therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy patients and can be extended to the study of other disorders involving brain networks.
SignificanceRecently developed miniaturized neural recording devices that can monitor and perturb neural activity in freely behaving animals have significantly expanded our knowledge of neural underpinning of complex behaviors. Most miniaturized neural interfaces require a wired connection for external power and data acquisition systems. The wires are required to be commutated through a slip ring to accommodate for twisting of the wire or tether and alleviate torsional stresses. The increased trend toward long-term continuous neural recordings has spurred efforts to realize active commutators that can sense the torsional stress and actively rotate the slip ring to alleviate torsional stresses. Current solutions however require the addition of sensing modules.AimHere, we report on an active translating commutator that uses computer vision (CV) algorithms on behavioral imaging videos captured during the experiment to track the animal’s position and heading direction in real time and uses this information to control the translation and rotation of a slip ring commutator to accommodate for accumulated mouse heading orientation changes and position.ApproachThe CV-guided active commutator has been extensively tested in three separate behavioral contexts.ResultsWe show reliable cortex-wide imaging in a mouse in an open field with a miniaturized wide-field cortical imaging device. Active commutation resulted in no changes to measured neurophysiological signals.ConclusionThe active commutator is fully open source, can be assembled using readily available off-the-shelf components, and is compatible with a wide variety of miniaturized neurophotonic and neurophysiology devices.
The advent of genetically-encoded calcium indicators, along with surgical preparations such as thinned skulls or refractive index matched skulls, have enabled mesoscale cortical activity imaging in headfixed mice. Such imaging studies have revealed complex patterns of coordinated activity across the cortical surface during a variety of behaviors. However, neural activity during free, unrestrained behavior significantly differs from that observed in headfixed animals. The ability to perform mesoscale imaging of the cortex in freely behaving mice may launch new avenues of scientific enquiry. Here we present the ‘Mesoscope’, a miniature, head-mountable imaging device compatible with transparent polymer skulls recently developed by our group. With an 8x10 mm field of view, the Mesoscope can image most of the mouse dorsal cortex and weighs only 3.7 grams. Here, we show preliminary behavioral experiments and mesoscale imaging in anesthetized mice.
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