The rapid angular sweep of mirrors in a micro-mirror array (digital micromirror device - DMD) creates a dynamic diffraction grating and when coupled with a camera produces a form of streak camera, which is able to give temporal dispersion as well as spectral dispersion. Three pulsed lasers of different wavelengths (red, green and blue) were combined into a single fibre and then focused onto a target. Multiple collection heads were used to collect the reflected light and deliver it via separate fibres within an array to the DMD streak camera. Each fibre is imaged through the streak camera such that the temporal and spectral characteristics from each fibre channel are separate and distinguishable on the camera image. The lasers are fired via a delay triggered by the start of the micro mirror’s motion and the scale of the delay determines the distribution of intensity on the camera. Thus, the system is behaving as a multispectral and multichannel LIDAR, with temporal resolution at the level of 1nS, which is somewhat surprising considering that the DMD frame rate is limited to 10kHz.
Spatial division multiplexing is a means of transmitting information on independent spatial modes and is being investigated as a means of increasing capacity in optical communications in both optical fibres and free space. Multiplane light converters (MPLC) are a means of deconstructing a wavefront into constituent modes that focus at specific spatial locations, and the reverse - that specific inputs result in controlled modal output. We have used a pair of MPLCs with 21 Hermite Gaussian modes to represent a free space optical connection with multiple single-input multiple-output (SIMO) operation. The effects of atmospheric turbulence have been implemented using a micromirror array and represent atmospheres that vary from weak (Cn2=10-16 m-2/3) to strong (Cn2=10-13 m-2/3) turbulence. This allows the resulting crosstalk between modes in the receiver to be characterised and modal transmission choice selected to minimise the crosstalk effects. Spatial division multiplexing is shown to improve the resilience against the degrading effects of turbulence, increases detection efficiency and offers an alternative method of compensating for turbulence effects using post detection digital signal processing rather than physical wavefront manipulation using adaptive optics.
An approach for wavelength characterization whereby dynamic Fresnel zone plate (FZP) patterns are written to a digital micromirror device (DMD) and used to focus incoming light onto a camera is proposed. The incoming wavelength is then assessed by scanning the focal length. Rectangular basis Zernike modes are implemented to match the rectangular geometry of the DMD, we believe for the first time. A procedure is developed to correct for inherent aberrations of the optical system by adjusting the Zernike mode amplitudes, thus improving focal spot quality. The aberration corrected FZPs are used to assess the focusing conditions needed for four lasers of different visible wavelengths ranging from blue (405 nm) to near infrared (760 nm). The system is able to produce focused beams with a width of twice the diffraction limit and achieve a wavelength resolution of 3 nm. The operational wavelength of the system is ultimately limited by the spectral bandwidth of the detector.
The digital micromirror device (DMD) is an array of tilting micromirrors, capable of high frame rates that are made possible by rapid changes of angular state. The rapid angular change of the mirrors is used to sweep an optical signal across a camera sensor, resulting in a version of a streak camera, capable of temporal dispersion of an optical signal. Using a single pixel or single line of pixels can produce a continuous temporal track, whereas a two-dimensional array of mirrors scans an intensity envelope across discrete diffraction orders. Temporal resolutions of 10nS have been achieved and used to measure laser pulse widths. Combining with a diffraction grating oriented orthogonally to the temporal dispersion enables temporal and spectral dispersion to be obtained simultaneously.
KEYWORDS: Digital micromirror devices, Point spread functions, Monochromatic aberrations, Mirrors, Cameras, Wavefronts, Diffraction, Micromirrors, Binary data, Near field diffraction
Micro mirror arrays, such as the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) from Texas Instruments, are amplitude modulating spatial light modulators. Binary holograms write spatial amplitude modulations to the device and with coherent sources can be used to control reflected beams through controlled diffraction. In this paper the inherent aberrations within the DMD device have been identified and corrected through the use of Zernike modes written to the array allowing a device profile to be used as a foundation characteristic upon which other applications can be improved. The approach used coopts a technique used for wavelength measurement using a DMD which focusses onto a camera. The tilting action of the mirrors means the device acts as a mixture of a lens and 2D blazed grating. In this case it also allows assessments of coherence length to be made based on a dual dispersion capability. A model for producing the Fresnel diffraction pattern from a specific DMD pattern is produced using Fresnel diffraction theory and shows good agreement with measured results.
A low-cost laser detection system based on coherence detection has been developed and is able to detect weak, continuous laser sources even against bright background light. The system is composed of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with one arm modified with a piezo-mounted mirror to modulate the path length. We introduce methods to determine the laser wavelength and to extend the horizontal field of view of the detector. To widen the field of view, a cone mirror is added to the system while the additional use of a camera allows the direction of the incoming laser beam to be studied. The wavelength from three different lasers is estimated with the use of the modulation amplitude of the piezo mirror. The preliminary results demonstrate that a 360-deg horizontal field of view can be achieved and that the direction of the laser beam can be determined with an estimated angular precision of ±5 deg. Moreover, the wavelength can be determined with a precision of ±10 nm. The system trades sensitivity for a larger field of view with the resultant detection sensitivity equal to 70 nW (or 1 μW · cm − 2) at 635 nm.
The detection of lasers by means of coherence detection often uses interferometry in a one-dimensional manner such as with a Mach Zehnder interferometer. We are taking a two dimensional approach making use of a spatial light modulator and a camera to examine the results of binary holography in differentiating coherent and incoherent incoming light. A DMD micromirror array focusing light onto a CCD camera is presented as a method for determining the presence of coherent light, its wavelength and angle of arrival. We discuss the use of Zernike modes to overcome the aberrations inherent in the DMD device, thereby improving the focussing quality and improving the precision of wavelength determination.
Lasers can be identified by their relatively long coherence lengths using interferometry. A Mach–Zehnder interferometer incorporating liquid crystal polarization modulators is demonstrated as a means of low-cost, robust laser detection. Temporal modulations, as a signature of coherence, can be induced by modulating polarization changes in liquid crystal modulators using low voltages. Sensitivities of <10 nW can be achieved. The suitability as a means of laser detection is discussed.
An unconventional encoding scheme called concurrent coding has recently been demonstrated and shown to offer interesting features and benefits in comparison to conventional techniques, e.g., robustness against burst errors and improved efficiency of transmitted power. This concept has been demonstrated for the first time with optical communications, where standard light-emitting diodes have been used to transmit information encoded with concurrent coding. The technique successfully transmits and decodes data despite unpredictable interruptions to the transmission causing significant dropouts to the detected signal. The technique also shows how it is possible to send a single block of data in isolation with no presynchronization required between transmitter and receiver, and no specific synchronization sequence appended to the transmission. Our work also demonstrates the successful use of multithreaded (overlaid) concurrent codes for the first time.
The availability of low cost but relatively high power laser pointers (hundreds of mW) has led to misuse with potentially dangerous consequences, such as dazzling aircraft which has raised concerns about aircraft safety. A low cost laser detection system based on coherence detection has been developed and is able to detect weak, continuous laser sources even against bright background light. In this paper, we introduce the use of a cone mirror to extend the horizontal field of view of the detector (originally at 3°) to 360° to detect incoming beams from different directions. With the additional use of a camera in the system, we also determine the direction of the incoming laser beam. Finally, the sensitivity between the original system and the cone mirror system are compared: the new system showed promising results with a sensitivity below 100nW.
Lasers are an unnatural occurrence, rendered almost impossible in nature due to the laws of thermodynamics. Thus, the presence of laser radiation is always accompanied by an intent for that laser such as sensing, targeting, range finding etc. Detection of laser radiation is therefore important as it may be a precursor to impending action. Laser warning receivers have been around for decades and have been aligned with the type of laser threat. In the last few years new threats have appeared in the form of low-cost diode lasers with dangerously high power levels (several Watts for a few hundred US dollars) and an ever expanding range of wavelengths. Protecting against such threats requires its detection, analysis and classification. In this paper we will discuss the types of technologies that have been used to detect lasers and the properties they can discern. We then focus on the developments in the detection of coherence properties and its ability to detect weak continuous wave (CW) laser sources.
One of the very useful aspects of a laser is its well-defined beam, delivering high intensity to a defined location. Directing that beam and specifying the location is generally done with adjustable mirrors. Directing the beam in time varying manner most often requires galvanometer scanning mirrors which translate in one dimension. These mirrors, though now a mature technology, are in general speed limited due to their inertia and can be heavy, power hungry and expensive. There are then benefits to be gained from non-mechanical means of beam steering particularly in terms of speed and weight. This paper gives an overview of methods employed to implement beam steering and then concentrates on methods that do not rely on independent phase control. The use of a micromirror array for 3-dimensional beam control will be presented with the pros and cons that this entails.
Three-dimensional (3-D) laser beam steering of focal position has been demonstrated using a single optical device—a DMD micromirror array. Laser beam focus position is controlled using dynamically adjustable zone plates. These zone plates take the form of elliptical Fresnel zone plates or other variations such as binary Gabor zone plates. Active beam pointing and control can be realized without the need for a pair of galvanometer mirrors and a focusing lens. Focusing efficiencies into an off-axis diffraction order of a few percent are typically seen and continuity between neighboring orders increases the effective field of regard. Writing multiple zone plate patterns to the DMD enables multiple focused spots to be generated and controlled independently.
A low-cost method of detecting lasers based on detecting coherence properties of received light is presented. The method uses an unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a modulating piezo-mounted mirror in one arm to discriminate against incoherent background light and identify the presence of laser radiation at the nW level against much brighter backgrounds. The wavelength of the coherent input can be determined by comparing the intensities of the modulation frequency harmonics.
A new, novel and unconventional encoding scheme called concurrent coding, has recently been demonstrated and shown to offer interesting features and benefits in comparison to conventional techniques, such as robustness against burst errors and improved efficiency of transmitted power. Free space optical communications can suffer particularly from issues of alignment which requires stable, fixed links to be established and beam wander which can interrupt communications. Concurrent coding has the potential to help ease these difficulties and enable mobile, flexible optical communications to be implemented through the use of a source encoding technique. This concept has been applied for the first time to optical communications where standard light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to transmit information encoded with concurrent coding. The technique successfully transmits and decodes data despite unpredictable interruptions to the transmission causing significant drop-outs to the detected signal. The technique also shows how it is possible to send a single block of data in isolation with no pre-synchronisation required between transmitter and receiver, and no specific synchronisation sequence appended to the transmission. Such systems are robust against interference -- intentional or otherwise -- as well as intermittent beam blockage.
A new approach to locating gas and vapor plumes is proposed that is entirely passive. By modulating the transmission waveband of a narrow-band filter, an intensity modulation is established that allows regions of an image to be identified as containing a specific gas with absorption characteristics aligned with the filter. A system built from readily available components was constructed to identify regions of NO2. Initial results show that this technique was able to distinguish an absorption cell containing NO2 gas in a test scene.
We describe a free space Quantum cryptography system which is designed to allow continuous unattended key exchanges for periods of several days, and over ranges of a few kilometres. The system uses a four laser faint pulse transmission system running at a pulse rate of 10MHz to generate the required four alternative polarization states. The receiver module similarly automatically selects a measurement basis and performs polarization measurements with four avalanche photodiodes. The controlling software can implement the full key exchange including sifting, error correction, and privacy amplification required to
generate a secure key.
The remote detection and identification of liquid chemical contamination is a difficult problem for which no satisfactory solution has yet been found. We have investigated a new technique, pulsed indirect photoacoustic spectroscopy (PIPAS), and made an assessment of its potential for operation at stand-off ranges of order 10m. The method involves optical excitation of the liquid surface with a pulsed laser operating in the 9-11μm region. Pulse lengths are of order 3μs, with energy ~300μJ and repetition rates ~200Hz. Rapid heating of the liquid by the laser pulse produces acoustic emission at the surface, and this is detected by a sensitive directional microphone to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce background clutter. The acoustic pulse strength is related to the liquid's absorption coefficient at the laser wavelength; tuning allows spectroscopic investigation and a means of chemical identification. Maximum coverage rates have been examined, and further experiments have examined the specificity of the technique, allowing a preliminary assessment of false-alarm and missed-signal rates. The practical aspects of applying the technique in a field environment have been assessed.
When a laser plasma is produced on a target, various electromagnetic phenomena can occur. These can produce substantial currents and voltages in nearby structures. The effects depend on the target material and morphology, the pressure and species of the atmosphere, and the nature of the laser pulse.
The following mechanisms are known to make a major contribution to electromagnetic signals detected near laser plasmas:
(1) UV plume causing transient high conductivity in semiconductor targets, and ionisation in buffer gasses;
(2) Laser plasma generating multi-GHz microwaves due to the generation of plasma waves;
(3) Space charge and current charge travelling through vacuum due to differences in the electron and ion velocities;
(4) Generation of transient magnetic fields that induce anomalous currents in conductors at the target point, and secondary induced current in nearby conductors.
Many of which were first reported in the 1970s, and in this report we review their relative contributions and identify regimes where each dominate.
An adaptive optics system usually has three basic elements, a wavefront sensor, a deformable element, and a feedback scheme. Typically these components are a Shack-Hartmann sensor, a bimorph or segmented mirror, and a DSP solution for performing the necessary calculations. These components are expensive, and give rise to a complex optical and computational system. In this paper a novel implementation of an adaptive optics system will be discussed. The wavefront sensor is based on an IMP grating to measure the curvature of the incoming light. This sensor has been found to be robust to scintillation, so is applicable to horizontal propagation paths. An OKO technologies deformable mirror is used, and the feedback loop calculations run on a standard Pentium III computer using Windows 2000. Results from recent trials of the system correcting for errors over various horizontal propagation lengths will be shown. Additionally results using this system for laser beam propagation will also be discussed.
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