Difference imaging aims at recovery of the change in the optical properties of a body based on measurements before and after the change. Conventionally, the image reconstruction is based on using difference of the measurements and a linear approximation of the observation model. One of the main benefits of the linearized difference reconstruction is that the approach has a good tolerance to modeling errors, which cancel out partially in the subtraction of the measurements. However, a drawback of the approach is that the difference images are usually only qualitative in nature and their spatial resolution can be weak because they rely on the global linearization of the nonlinear observation model. To overcome the limitations of the linear approach, we investigate a nonlinear approach for difference imaging where the images of the optical parameters before and after the change are reconstructed simultaneously based on the two datasets. We tested the feasibility of the method with simulations and experimental data from a phantom and studied how the approach tolerates modeling errors like domain truncation, optode coupling errors, and domain shape errors.
The objective of the study was to assess the usability of a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device in multimodal
measurements. We combined NIRS with electroencephalography (EEG) to record hemodynamic responses and evoked
potentials simultaneously, and with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate hemodynamic responses to
repetitive TMS (rTMS). Hemodynamic responses and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to 3, 6, and 12 s stimuli
consisting of pattern-reversing checkerboards were successfully recorded in the NIRS/EEG measurement, and ipsi- and
contralateral hemodynamic responses to 0.5, 1, and 2 Hz rTMS in the NIRS/TMS measurement. In the NIRS/EEG
measurements, the amplitudes of the hemodynamic responses increased from 3- to 6-s stimulus, but not from 6- to 12-s
stimulus, and the VEPs showed peaks N75, P100, and N135. In the NIRS/TMS measurements, the 2-Hz stimulus
produced the strongest hemodynamic responses compared to the 0.5- and 1-Hz stimuli. In two subjects oxyhemoglobin
concentration decreased and in one increased as a consequence of the 2-Hz rTMS. To locate the origin of the measured
NIRS responses, methods have to be developed to investigate TMS-induced scalp muscle contractions. In the future,
multimodal measurements may prove useful in monitoring or treating diseases such as stroke or Alzheimer's disease.
Importance of anatomical background model in reconstructing absorptive perturbations at different depths in the neonatal head was assessed using Monte Carlo simulations. Results suggest that prior information of the optical background can improve reconstructions, even when optical parameters are only approximately known.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Tissue optics, Absorption, Magnetic resonance imaging, Monte Carlo methods, Optical properties, Photons, Brain, Head, Finite element methods
We have developed a perturbation Monte Carlo method for calculating forward and inverse solutions to the
optical tomography imaging problem in the presence of anatomical a priori information. The method uses
frequency domain data. In the present work, we consider the problem of imaging hemodynamic changes due
to brain activation in the infant brain. We test finite element method and Monte Carlo based implementations
using a homogeneous model with the exterior of the domain warped to match digitized points on the skin.
With the perturbation Monte Carlo model, we also test a heterogeneous model based on anatomical a priori
information derived from a previously recorded infant T1 magnetic resonance (MR) image. Our simulations
show that the anatomical information improves the accuracy of reconstructions quite significantly even if the
anatomical MR images are based on another infant. This suggests that significant benefits can be obtained
by the use of generic infant brain atlas information in near-infrared spectroscopy and optical tomography studies.
The quality of phase and amplitude data from two medical optical tomography systems were compared. The two systems are a 32-channel time-domain system developed at University College London (UCL) and a 16-channel frequency-domain system developed at Helsinki University of Technology (HUT). Difference data measured from an inhomogeneous and a homogeneous phantom were compared with a finite-element method (diffusion equation) and images of scattering and absorption were reconstructed based on it. The measurements were performed at measurement times between 1 and 30 s per source. The mean rms errors in the data measured by the HUT system were 3.4% for amplitude and 0.51 deg for phase, while the corresponding values for the UCL data were 6.0% and 0.46 deg, respectively. The reproducibility of the data measured with the two systems was tested with a measurement time of 5 s per source. It was 0.4% in amplitude for the HUT system and 4% for the UCL system, and 0.08 deg in phase for both systems. The image quality of the reconstructions from the data measured with the two systems were compared with several quantitative criteria. In general a higher contrast was observed in the images calculated from the HUT data.
Kalle Kotilahti, Ilkka Nissila, Riikka Makela, Tommi Noponen, Lauri Lipiainen, Nasia Gavrielides, Timo Kajava, Minna Huotilainen, Vineta Fellman, Pekka Merilainen, Toivo Katila
We have used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to study hemodynamic auditory evoked responses on 7 full-term neonates. Measurements were done simultaneously above both auditory cortices to study the distribution of speech and music processing between hemispheres using a 16-channel frequency-domain instrument. The stimulation consisted of 5-second samples of music and speech with a 25-second silent interval. In response to stimulation, a significant increase in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin ([HbO2]) was detected in 6 out of 7 subjects. The strongest responses in [HbO2] were seen near the measurement location above the ear on both hemispheres. The mean latency of the maximum responses was 9.42±1.51 s. On the left hemisphere (LH), the maximum amplitude of the average [HbO2] response to the music stimuli was 0.76± 0.38 μ M (mean±std.) and to the speech stimuli 1.00± 0.45 μ± μM. On the right hemisphere (RH), the maximum amplitude of the average [HbO2] response was 1.29± 0.85 μM to the music stimuli and 1.23± 0.93 μM to the speech stimuli. The results indicate that auditory information is processed on both auditory cortices, but LH is more concentrated to process speech than music information. No significant differences in the locations and the latencies of the maximum responses relative to the stimulus type were found.
Visually evoked hemodynamic responses and potentials were simultaneously measured using a 16-channel optical imaging instrument and a 60-channel electroencephalography instrument during normo-, hypo- and hypercapnia from three subjects. Flashing and pattern-reversed checkerboard stimuli were used. The study protocol included two counterbalanced measurements during both normo- and hypocapnia and normo- and hypercapnia. Hypocapnia was produced by controlled hyperventilation and hypercapnia by breathing carbon dioxide enriched air. Near-infrared imaging was also used to monitor the concentration changes of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin due to hypo- and hypercapnia. Hemodynamic responses and evoked potentials were successfully detected for each subject above the visual cortex. The latencies of the hemodynamic responses during hypocapnia were shorter whereas during hypercapnia they were longer when compared to the latencies during normocapnia. Hypocapnia tended to decrease the latencies of visually evoked potentials compared to those during normocapnia while hypercapnia did not show any consistent effect to the potentials. The developed measurement setup and the study protocol provide the opportunity to investigate the neurovascular coupling and the links between the baseline level of blood flow, electrical activity and hemodynamic responses in the human brain.
We have developed a frequency-domain near-infrared device suitable for physiological studies in human. In this work, a four-channel configuration of the instrument is applied to monitor hemodynamic and oxygenation changes in the frontal cortex of volunteers during different ventilation tasks. We use four different source-receiver separations (2, 3, 4, and 5 cm) and three wavelengths (760, 808, and 830 nm) to test the sensitivity of these parameters to cardiovascular and metabolic changes. Low-frequency oscillations (~ 0.02 Hz) and variations in heart rate during different ventilation tasks are investigated as well. We also study physiological changes during natural sleep using the frequency-domain instrument simultaneously with a polysomnography system containing a pulse oximeter. Our results indicate that hemodynamic and oxygenation changes in the frontal cortex during natural sleep can be detected using near-infrared measurements.
We used a four-channel intensity-modulated near-infrared spectroscopy device to study the hemodynamic responses due to brain activation in adults and neonates. The stimuli included finger tapping, tickling of the heel, and auditory stimuli. The subjects included two adults and ten neonates of age between 0.5 and 4 days. A block paradigm was used in the studies, and responses were successfully obtained from both subject groups.
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