Miniaturized field-deployable spectrometers used for the rapid analysis of chemical and
biological substances require high-sensitivity photo detectors. For example, in a Raman
spectroscopy system, the receiver must be capable of high-gain, low-noise detection performance
due to the intrinsically weak signals produced by the Raman effects of most substances. We are
developing a novel, high-gain hetero-junction phototransistor (HPT) detector which employs two
nano-structures simultaneously to achieve 100 times higher sensitivity than InGaAs avalanche
photodiodes, the most sensitive commercially available photo-detector in the near infrared (NIR)
wavelength range, under their normal operation conditions. Integrated into a detector array, this
technology has application for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), pollution
monitoring, pharmaceutical manufacturing by reaction monitoring, chemical & biological
transportation safety, and bio-chemical analysis in planetary exploration.
Patrick Gardner, Jie Yao, Sean Wang, Jack Zhou, Ken Li, Irina Mokina, Michael Lange, Weiguo Yang, Leora Peltz, Robert Frampton, Jeffrey Hunt, Jill Becker
KEYWORDS: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Chemical analysis, Sensors, Avalanche photodiodes, Near infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Phototransistors, Receivers, Signal detection
Miniaturized field-deployable spectrometers used for the rapid analysis of chemical and biological substances
require high-sensitivity photo detectors. For example, in a Raman spectroscopy system, the receiver must be
capable of high-gain, low-noise detection performance due to the intrinsically weak signals produced by the Raman
effects of most substances. We are developing a novel, high-gain hetero-junction phototransistor (HPT) detector
which employs two nano-structures simultaneously to achieve 100 times higher sensitivity than InGaAs avalanche
photodiodes, the most sensitive commercially available photo-detector in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength range,
under their normal operation conditions. Integrated into a detector array, this technology has application for Laser-
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), pollution monitoring, pharmaceutical manufacturing by reaction
monitoring, chemical & biological transportation safety, and bio-chemical analysis in planetary exploration.
Modern day propulsion systems are used in aerospace applications for different
purposes. The aerospace industry typically requires propulsion systems to operate in a rocket
mode in order to drive large boost vehicles. The defense industry generally requires propulsion
systems to operate in an air-breathing mode in order to drive missiles. A mixed system could
use an air-breathing first stage and a rocket-mode upper stage for space access. Thus, propulsion
systems can be used for high mass payloads and where the payload is dominated by the
fuel/oxidizer mass being used by the propulsion system. The pulse detonation wave engine
(PDWE) uses an alternative type of detonation cycle to achieve the same propulsion results.
The primary component of the PDWE is the combustion chamber (or detonation tube). The
PDWE represents an attractive propulsion source since its engine cycle is thermodynamically
closest to that of a constant volume reaction. This characteristic leads to the inference that a
maximum of the potential energy of the PDWE is put into thrust and not into flow work.
Consequently, the volume must be increased. The technical community has increasingly
adopted the alternative choice of increasing total volume by designing the engine to include a
set of banks of smaller combustion chambers. This technique increases the complexity of the
ignition subsystem because the inter-chamber timing must be considered.
Current approaches to igniting the PDWE have involved separate shock or blast wave
initiators and chemical additives designed to enhance detonatibility. An optical ignition
subsystem generates a series of optical pulses, where the optical pulses ignite the fuel/oxidizer
mixture such that the chambers detonate in a desired order. The detonation system also has an
optical transport subsystem for transporting the optical pulses from the optical ignition
subsystem to the chambers. The use of optical ignition and transport provides a non-toxic,
small, lightweight, precisely controlled detonation system.
Miniaturized field-deployable spectrometers used for rapid analysis of chemical and biological substances require high-sensitivity photo detectors. For example, in a Raman spectroscopy system, the receiver must be capable of high-gain, low-noise detection performance due to the intrinsically weak signals produced by the Raman effects of most substances. We are developing a novel, high-gain hetero-junction phototransistor (HPT) detector which employs two nano-structures simultaneously: a 3-30 nm passivation layer that enables micron-sized devices, large-scale integration and low-cost products; and a 50-65 nm amplification layer that offers high sensitivity with 1,000x amplification and zero avalanche access noise. We report preliminary tests on single pixels, validating the design target of >1,000 Ampere/Watt responsivity at the near infrared wavelength of 1550nm, which is 100 times more sensitive than InGaAs avalanche photodiodes, the most sensitive commercially available photo-detector in this wavelength range, under their normal operation conditions. Integrated into a detector array, this technology has application for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), pollution monitoring, pharmaceutical manufacturing by reaction monitoring, chemical & biological transportation safety, and bio-chemical analysis in planetary exploration.
This paper discusses the principles of surface second harmonic generation (SurfS) technique and its application to the remote in-situ detection of low levels of surface corrosion and contamination. SurfS is a nonlinear-optical technique which is surface sensitive. As an optical technique, SurfS is nonintrusive, noninvasive and nondestructive. The SurfS technique has spectroscopic capability. The formation of metal-oxide or other species due to corrosion or contamination will lead to a change in the spectral signature. This provides a means to monitor the onset of corrosion or deposition of contamination. Since the SurfS technique is surface specific, it can examine any optically accessible interface. During corrosion or contamination-induced chemical changes at an interface, the chemical changes at the interface can be monitored as they occur. In this way, the technique can be used in an in-situ fashion.
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