The previous papers of the research group have already found that the excitation of a 1310 nm endogenous pump by signal feedback combined with a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) under the condition of 1240 nm pumping can significantly enhance the gain effect of bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers (BDFA) at long wavelengths. In order to further clarify the effect of the endogenous pump generation mode and the different feedback mechanisms on the broadening effect, we have used a tunable dual grating combined with a controllable pump/signal feedback amplifier structure, and compare in detail the broadening characteristics under the different conditions mentioned above. The experimental results show that any form of endogenous pumping can result in amplification bandwidth expansion, but there is a difference in the behavior of the broadening due to the dual grating line cavity versus the grating-signal reflector line cavity, as well as in the degree to which the broadening is affected by the pump feedback. The effective utilization of this property can provide positive assistance in enhancing the gain-bandwidth performance of BDFA as well as in improving the transmission capacity of communication systems.
Metasurfaces are two-dimensional planar structures composed of artificial atoms with special electromagnetic properties in a certain arrangement, which can flexibly control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of incident light, and have strong light field manipulation capabilities, so they have attracted extensive attention. In this work, a WDM based on all- dielectric metasurface is proposed to realize the beam combination function of ultra-wideband signal and narrowband pumping. The WDM can realize the low-loss and high-efficiency wavelength division multiplexing function of one ultra- wideband signal and one or two narrowband pumps by punching holes in the fused silica thin layer, with a signal passing bandwidth of more than 400nm, almost no energy loss on the signal wavelength, a pump loss of less than 1dB, and a pump occupied bandwidth of less than 3nm. It can well solve the problem of serious limitation of signal bandwidth of the current wavelength division multiplexer and provide important support for the key components and equipment of ultra-high bandwidth optical communication such as ultra-high bandwidth optical fiber amplifiers.
The photonic generation of high-accuracy triangular waveforms with a tunable duty cycle based on a dual-wavelength in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) modulation is proposed and analyzed. By adjusting the modulation index, the phase shift caused by the electric phase shifter and the bias voltage of the modulator, the optical signals of the upper and lower paths can be superimposed and then passed through the bandwidth limited photodetector to obtain a triangular wave, form with a tunable duty cycle ranging from 0.1≤σ≤0.9. High-order harmonic Fourier series components are used to construct the high-accuracy function waveform. It is found that the waveform rms error can be greatly decreased (around two-time performance improvement with duty cycle 0.1≤σ≤0.9). To evaluate the feasibility of our proposal, the effects of modulation index drift, bias voltage drift, and phase shift drift on the obtained waveform are also discussed.
This paper presents a double-pass low-noise bismuth-doped fiber amplifier based on a Sagnac comb filter. The amplifier utilizes a Sagnac loop to filter out spontaneous emission light outside the signal wavelength, effectively decreasing the noise figure. Experimental results show that the amplifier achieves a minimum noise figure of only around 3.7 dB. Moreover, its gain bandwidth can cover a significant portion of the O-band. Under a forward pump power of 0.538 W, with an input signal power of -30 dBm, the amplifier can reach a gain of 29.6 dB, while the noise figure is only approximately 4 dB. Under backward pump, the gain difference for different input signal powers is larger compared to forward pump. We also studied the variation of gain with input signal power at a pump power of 0.5 W, using both forward and backward pump methods. The results indicate that the pump direction has a minor impact on the gain but significantly affects the noise figure, with the noise figure under forward pump being 1-2 dB lower than that under backward pump. Additionally, the amplifier exhibits a maximum saturation output power of approximately 9.5 dBm. In conclusion, this amplifier has great potential for application in WDM communication systems.
The photonic neural processing unit (PNPU) demonstrates ultrahigh inference speed with low energy consumption, and it has become a promising hardware artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator. However, the nonidealities of the photonic device and the peripheral circuit make the practical application much more complex. Rather than optimizing the photonic device, the architecture, and the algorithm individually, a joint device-architecture-algorithm codesign method is proposed to improve the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the PNPU. First, a full-flow simulator for the PNPU is developed from the back end simulator to the high-level training framework; Second, the full system architecture and the complete photonic chip design enable the simulator to closely model the real system; Third, the nonidealities of the photonic chip are evaluated for the PNPU design. The average test accuracy exceeds 98%, and the computing power exceeds 100TOPS.
In this paper, we propose a longitudinal cascaded few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier (FM-EDFA) by particle swarm optimization (PSO). Triple-cascaded few-mode erbium-doped fibers (FM-EDFs) are applied longitudinally, which have the same refractive index distributions and different erbium-ion doping profiles. Each fiber is uniformly doped in different regions. The input power of the pump and signal are settled. The length and order of three pieces of FM-EDFs are optimized by PSO, which helps to minimize the differential modal gain (DMG) and maximize the modal gain at the output port. An ultra-low DMG of 0.007 dB and minimum modal gain (MMG) of about 24.890 dB are obtained at the wavelength of 1550 nm.
A coupled multi-core fiber (CMCF) with selective erbium ions doping is proposed. Due to the small gap between the cores, four signal supermodes are supported. Based on the overlap integral between the signal and pump modes, the concentration proportion of the central core to outer cores is modified. At a concentration ratio of 0.93, the signal gains are higher than 20 dB and at the same time, a small differential modal gain (DMG) of 0.17 dB is obtained.
A novel square-assisted ring-core fiber characterized by a square region of low refractive index in the core was proposed. This fiber structure allows for spatial mode modulation. When the subscript m of the LPmn modes supported by the fiber is an even number, the spatial modes of the LPmn modes are degenerately separated. This fiber supports 15 modes over the entire C-band. The effective refractive index difference (Δneff) between spatial modes at 1550nm is greater than 1.18×10-4. At the same time, the Δneff between all adjacent modes is in the range of (1.13~13.52)×10-4. The polarization separation level of each mode is below 7.12×10-6, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the level of degenerate separation of spatial modes. Numerical simulations show that the dispersion values range from -16 ps/nm/km to 15 ps/nm/km for 15 modes over the entire C-band. This fiber has a good tolerance for process error, the optical fiber processing requirements can be met by using the existing optical fiber preparation technology.
Polarization beam splitter is an important part of integrated optical system to overcome the strong polarization dependence of silicon nanodevices, and has broad application prospects in optical fiber communication and polarization imaging. In this paper, a polarization beam splitter of metalens based on the fiber end face is designed. Through the planar light field control ability of metalens and the coordinated regulation of the geometric phase and propagation phase, the device adjusts the medium duty cycle in the meta-unit and the rotation angle of the nanoantenna to realize the polarization beam splitting and focusing simultaneously. In order to simplify the manufacturing process and achieve high focusing efficiency even further, Si with high transmittance in the near infrared band is selected as the nanoantenna, and SiO2 is used as the substrate. Since the substrate used the same material with fiber cladding, compared with the traditional polarization beam splitter, the structure can directly etch the nanofins periodically on the fiber end face, which is convenient for optical system integration. Theoretical design and numerical simulation results show that any polarized light in fiber cladding can realize polarization focusing through fiber end face.
Few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier (FM-EDFA) is a key element to realize signal gain compensation in a longdistance mode division multiplexing (MDM) system. The differential modal gain (DMG) between modes directly affects the communication quality of the MDM system. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is applied to design the erbium ion doping profile for high gain and low DMG simultaneously. By adjusting the doping radius and concentration concurrently, both high signal gains and low DMG can be obtained. In the conditions of the core pump and cladding pump respectively, the erbium ion with a multi-layered doping profile is automatically optimized by the PSO for a few-mode erbium-doped fiber (FM-EDF). Results show that as a three-layered ion adjustment, the gain is higher than 20 dB and DMG is lower than 0.15 dB in a four-mode step-index fiber. PSO is easy to implement and simple to operate. Compared with the other intelligent methods, such as the genetic algorithm or gradient descent optimization algorithm, PSO has no "crossover" and "mutation". The optimization time is greatly reduced. The PSO-based fiber design provides new guidance for the improvement of fiber gain equalization.
A magnetic field sensor based on multilongitudinal mode fiber laser (MMFL) is proposed and demonstrated. The MMFL contains two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), one of which is fixed on a magnetostrictive alloy (MA) and works as the sensing FBG. With a magnetic field applied, the MA stretches and transforms the magnetic field into strain due to the magnetostrictive effect of the MA. In this case, the wavelength of sensing FBG and the length of the MMFL cavity both shift with the magnetic field, ultimately resulting in the frequency shift of the longitudinal modes of the MMFL. By sending these longitudinal modes of the MMFL to a photodetector, the longitudinal mode beat signals (LMBSs) are generated, whose frequency would shift with the magnetic field. We experimentally verify that the magnetic field can be demodulated via the LMBS and demonstrate a sensitivity of -47 kHz/mT when selecting an LMBS at 1.608 GHz for demodulation. We also demodulate in optical domain by means of tracking the wavelength of the sensing FBG, a sensitivity of 1.5 pm/mT is achieved. Compared with the conventional fiber optic magnetic field sensors demodulated in the optical domain, radio-frequency demodulation is used in our work, which enhances the sensitivity and resolution. It also provides a potential way for high-speed demodulation. Moreover, the sensing head is a conventional FBG without any elaborate transducer, which enables the features of simple structure, easy fabrication, and compact size.
The three-dimensional refractive index reconstruction (3D-RID) of optical fiber with longitudinal refractive index distribution changing, such as helical fibers and fusion splicing fibers, is necessary for subsequent transmission performance research. However, the longitudinal RID is composed by the superposition of multiple cross-sectional RIDs, which often requires huge amounts of data for calculation. The analytical methods and numerical methods are usually used for the transverse section reconstruction, in which the former needs the complete sinogram and slowly varying approximation for the fiber and the latter is in contrast. Therefore, we present the reconstruction of the 3D-RID of the double-core helical fiber and fusion splicing between single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber by a numerical method, the total variation (TV) method. The experimental results show that the result of the TV method under the sparse angle (30 rotations) is similar to the result of the refractive index analyzer (IFA) under the complete sinogram (180 rotations). The superiority of TV not only reduces the time spent on mechanical rotation, but also compresses the sinogram for 3D-RID calculation.
We experimentally demonstrate an all-fiber Er/Yb co-doped fiber (EYDF) amplifier with a low differential modal gain of 1.6 dB (for LP01, LP11a and LP11b signal modes at 1535 nm, using a 980 nm multi-mode pump). The pump power is coupled into the fiber core by side pumping, which is used a piece of double-clad EYDF and helix-wounded tapering operation. The gain of all three modes is higher than 16 dB. The all-fiber amplifier scheme eliminates the spatial lens in the traditional core-pumping configuration and shows natural ability in integration with the transmission fiber links due to the stable fiber interconnect. Thus, we believe that the all-fiber few-mode amplifier should be probably the highly practical solution in the long-haul mode-division multiplexed transmission.
A side-hole fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed and numerically analyzed to solve the cross-sensitivity problem of temperature and magnetic field. In the side-hole fiber SPR sensor, the side-holes I and II are filled with magnetic fluid and a mixture of ethanol–glycerin, respectively, resulting in a loss spectrum with two channels. Each channel has different sensing characteristics. When the external magnetic field intensity increases, the magnetic field sensitivities of channels I and II are 1.098 and −0.018 nm / Oe, respectively. Moreover, with the increasing temperature, the temperature sensitivities of channels I and II are −5.909 and −4.211 nm / ° C, respectively. Therefore, the variations of magnetic field intensity and temperature can be simultaneously measured by detecting resonant wavelengths of channels I and II of side-hole fiber SPR effects, resulting in the influence of temperature in a side-hole fiber SPR magnetic field sensor being eliminated. The side-hole fiber SPR sensor has obvious advantages of compact structure and high sensitivity, and it also has solved the problem of liquid storage glassware to compact the structure of the fiber SPR sensor further.
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