The key to high quality optics is a set of guidelines. Create an understanding of the Criteria for Quality. Focus on
understanding and controlling process variation. Examine verification and validation of methods. Take a view of the
horizon as well as drilling down so you know when to put down the shovel.
Submersed aquatic vegetation can survive to a depth of approximately 20% of surface water irradiance. Large displays featured in public aquariums are often open to the sky, but the building roof acts as an aperture and obscures much of the direct solar path. Side-walls within the tank often absorb more than they reflect or scatter and as a result plants and fish get little more than the diffuse solar component without supplemental illumination. The loss mechanisms are detailed and design suggestions are considered, including heliostats, lightpipes and tracked parabolic reflectors with fiber optics.
In a perfect world a good starting point should not be required. A Genetic Algorithm in powerful lens design software should find an optimum solution for us. As a practical matter a good starting point does matter. Time and resources may not be sufficient to generate a good design in a global optimizer quickly. In lens design a small glass catalog combined with the Hammer algorithm in ZEMAX moves the glass selection process in a search around the glass map forcing the design to consider many radically different forms in a short amount of time. From this starting point an expanded search can be undertaken by conventional design methods or in a global search algorithm. There are precedents in other fields for a narrow search method that still yields near infinite numbers of solutions. Mozart invented a game that narrows a search from a blank sheet paper and a set of notes to a single voice minuet by rolling dice. The results can be played and the dynamics manipulated to form the starting points for future compositions. Music composition software has, like lens design software, incorporated many powerful algorithms and search techniques. A simple comparison will be made. It is a long way from a protoplasm to Christie Brinkley. A good starting point means a lot whether you are an optical designer, a composer, or running the universe.
KEYWORDS: Raster graphics, Sensors, Lens design, Ray tracing, Sun, Monte Carlo methods, Charge-coupled devices, Iris recognition, Aluminum, Point spread functions
The goal of this paper is to construct an irradiance simulation at an image. We will demonstrate a software method written by Al Greynolds for passing bitmap images through a lens system and directly viewing the changes to the image caused by the lens itself, sources outside the field of view, or defects in manufacture. The routine calls the emitting data command and is a new feature in ASAP 6.0 from Breault Research Organization. It is another way to evaluate a lens system and see the effects of irradiance modeling and more. The dynamic range covered by this simulation is not limited to 1 bit, 8 bit or 24 bit images. The distribution file is based on the full floating point precision of the computer and accurate to 7 significant digits. The method will accommodate any dynamic range the user wishes.
Surgery on the paranasal sinuses is well documented as far back as 2000 years ago. Old and new world tribes performed ritualistic as well as minimally therapeutic trephinations on the sinuses. There was no great understanding of the nasal or sinus anatomy or physiology until the 16th Century when the sinuses were first treated as a primary site of infection. External and internal curettage approaches, along with irrigating the sinuses through their natural ostia, were the mainstay in treating sinus disease. With the introduction and improvement of sinus radiography and continued research in the physiology of the sinuses, a better understanding was gained of the extent of sinus disease, the number of sinuses involved, and the roll of residual disease in the sinuses.
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