High helical twisting powerchiral additives are required for an expanding variety of liquid crystal displays and devices. Molecular conformation plays a critical role in determining the helical twisting power, HTP, of chiral additives. We studied additives based on an isosorbide benzoate ester core. Molecular modeling revealed two low energy states with very different conformations for this core The ultra-violet absorption and NMR spectra show two stable isosorbide conformers These spectra reveal how the relative populations of these two conformations change with temperature and how this is related to the helical twisting power. Conformation changes can explain many of the observed anomalous responses of HPT to temperature.
We demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of optically-tunable and stimuli-responsive electrospun microfibers
endowed with liquid crystal (LC) functionality. The highly flexible LC microfibers are electrospun from a solution of 4-
pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) and polylactic acid (PLA) in chloroform/acetone solvent. In the electrospinning process,
the low molecular weight 5CB phase-separates and self-assembles to form a planarly aligned nematic core within a PLA
shell. Most importantly, the orientation of LC domains and, therefore, the optical properties of the 5CB/PLA fibers can
be tuned by application of an external electric field. These properties of LC fibers may, in turn, be utilized to fabricate a
variety of photonic textiles, and ultimately may introduce an entirely new manufacturing process where weaving will
reach well beyond the roll-to-roll manufacturing envisioned for the currently emerging flexible displays printed on
flexible plastic substrates.
Ferroelectric nanoparticles significantly improve properties of existing liquid crystals and benefit the performance
of many devices. By changing a concentration and a type of ferroelectric particles one can affect physical properties of
the nematic, smectic, and cholesteric liquid crystal materials, including the dielectric constants, the birefringence, the
phase transition temperatures, and even the order parameter. We demonstrate the performance of these new materials in
various devices, including displays, light modulators, and beam steering devices.
The stressed liquid-crystal (SLC) electro-optic effect promises fast electro-optic response times even for design wavelengths
in the infrared (IR). Here we report characteristics of SLC devices appropriate for use as liquid-crystal-onsilicon
(LCOS) spatial light modulators (SLMs) in the near ( λ = 1.8-2.5 μm), mid (3-5.5 μm) and far (8-14 μm) IR
bands. For these three bands we fabricated SLC devices with 5, 10, and 20 μm thicknesses; at drive voltages of 25, 50,
and 125 V respectively these devices gave half-wave modulation with response speeds in the 1.3-1.6 ms range. Visiblelight
measurements on a 20-μm-thick SLC device between crossed polarizers gave a contrast ratio of 360:1 which
improved to nearly 18,000:1 with a Babinet-Soleil compensator offsetting residual SLC retardance. Widely available
high-voltage options in standard CMOS processes offer sufficient drive for near- and mid-IR SLCOS devices; with
modest increase of SLC material birefringence Δn and dielectric anisotropy Δε far-IR devices would be feasible, too.
Pixel drivers utilizing these options have pitches less than 24 μm, making 1000 ×1000 SLMs feasible.
Stressed liquid crystals (SLCs) have been applied in fields such as optical phase array non-mechanical beam steering applications, adaptive optical tip-tilt correction, and fast displays because SLCs are capable of switching large phase shift in sub-millisecond time ranges. SLCs consist of liquid crystal micro-domains dispersed in a stressed polymer matrix. In this paper, we propose a model of close-packed, shaped liquid crystal droplets inside a sheared polymer matrix based upon the measurements of polarizing microscopy, fluorescence confocal microscopy, and visible-near-infrared spectroscopy. The light scattering of SLC films results mostly from the index mismatch between adjacent liquid crystal domains instead of the index mismatch between polymer matrices and liquid crystals as in traditional polymer dispersed liquid crystals. We show how the light scattering of SLC cells is greatly reduced upon shearing because the liquid crystal domains are aligned along the direction of shearing. The stretching of polymer matrices and the reshaping of liquid crystal domains upon shearing are confirmed by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The calculations of the electro-optic responses are based on the balance between the elastic torque and the electric field torque. Our experimental results support the calculations.
Recently discovered stressed liquid crystals (SLCs) are of a great interest because they provide largest phase retardation shift achievable within shortest time interval. This effect was accomplished by decoupling the speed of a liquid crystal layer from its thickness. SLCs easily switch 5 microns of the phase retardation at sub-millisecond speeds while 50 microns requires only several milliseconds. SLCs are therefore able to modulate the IR light with the frequencies higher than 10 kHz. The SLCs are polymer/liquid crystal composites; however, their electro-optic properties differ significantly from previously developed polymer dispersed liquid crystals and polymer network/stabilized liquid crystals. The applied stressed force aligns the domains, eliminating scattering and hysteresis at the same time. The phase shift is highly linear with the applied voltage, greatly simplifying the drive electronics. The SLCs pose intriguing basic scientific questions and may be used in a lot of new electro-optical applications (micro-displays, diffractive optical elements, beam steering devices).
Since the pioneering works of Yablonovitch and John, the concept of photonic crystals has attracted great attention from both fundamental and practical points of view. Different types of approaches have been taken to realize the spatial periodic structures: nanolithography techniques developed to produce semiconductors, sedimentation of monodispersed nanoscale spheres, or holographic illumination of photosensitive materials. In our work, we employed two newly discovered fascinating phenomena: particle drag effect and particle pumping effect in a liquid crystal to build the ordered colloidal structures. Combining the moving nematic-isotropic transition line with a patterned electric field can be used to move particles from one place to another. This can be used to pack particles in a certain place in an ordered periodic structure. The speed of the interface and the magnitude of the applied electric field controls the size, density and/or dielectric property of the particle that can be moved and determines those that are left behind. This capability allows us to place “defects” at particular locations in the photonic crystals constructed. Although many challenges remain before this system can be used in practical optical components, this new technique provides an excellent means of producing complex photonic crystals tailored for specific optical affects and applications.
Long-range forces between ultra-fine particles imbedded in liquid crystal (LC) result in intriguing colloids. Embedded inorganic particles in LC contribute to the properties of the LC matrix. Large (>>mkm) colloidal particles form defects in LC matrices due to strong director deformations and ensembles of these particles and defects can form complex structures. Small particles at its high concentration (> 2-3% by weight) create almost a rigid LC suspension. We show that at low concentrations LC submicron colloids appear similar to a pure LC with no readily apparent evidence of dissolved particles, but possess unique properties. The diluted suspensions are stable, because the small concentration of submicron particles does not significantly perturb the director field in the LC, and interaction between the particles is weak. At the same time, the submicron particles share their intrinsic properties with the LC matrix due to the anchoring with the LC. We report on the development and unique properties of the diluted suspensions of ferroelectric submicron particles. Our results show that doping a nematic LC matrix with ferroelectric submicron particles results in a suspension, which possesses an enhanced dielectric anisotropy and reveals ferroelectric and paraelectric properties inherent to the submicron particles. In particular, we observed essential decrease of the driving voltage of the quadratic dielectric response and non-usual linear dipole response of the suspensions on the application of ac-field. We present a theoretical model of dielectric properties of ferroelectric suspensions.
The recently discovered stressed liquid crystals (SLCs) are of a great interest because they provide the largest phase retardation shift achievable within the shortest time interval. This was accomplished by decoupling the speed of a liquid crystal layer from its thickness. SLCs easily switch 5 microns of phase retardation at sub-millisecond speeds. We have produced phase shifts as large 50 microns in several milliseconds. SLCs are therefore able to modulate IR light with response frequencies higher than 10 kHz. The SLCs are polymer/liquid crystal composites; however, their electro-optic properties differ significantly from previously developed polymer dispersed liquid crystals and polymer network/stabilized liquid crystals. An applied mechanical stress aligns the liquid crystal domains, eliminating scattering and hysteresis at the same time. The phase shift is highly linear with the applied voltage, greatly simplifying the drive electronics. The SLCs pose intriguing basic scientific questions and may be used in a host of new electro-optical applications (micro-displays, diffractive optical elements, beam steering devices).
Long-range forces between ultra-fine particles imbedded in liquid crystal (LC) matrices result in intriguing colloids. Embedded inorganic particles in LC contribute to the properties of the LC matrix. For example, doping of a LC with ferromagnetic particles resulted in a strong enhancement of magnetic properties of the LC. Large (>>µm) colloidal particles form defects in LC matrices due to strong director deformations and ensembles of these particles and defects can form complex structures. Small (<<µm) particles at its high concentration (>2-3% by weight) create almost a rigid LC suspension. Here we show that at low concentrations LC nanocolloids appear similar to a pure LC with no readily apparent evidence of dissolved particles, but possess unique properties. The diluted suspensions are stable, because the small concentration of nanoparticles does not significantly perturb the director field in the LC, and interaction between the particles is weak. At the same time, the nanoparticles share their intrinsic properties with the LC matrix due to the anchoring with the LC. In particular, doping a nematic LC matrix with ferroelectric nanoparticles results in a suspension, which possesses an enhanced dielectric anisotropy and reveals ferroelectric and paraelectric properties inherent to the nanoparticles.
A review of the recent results of our group in the field of light-induced anchoring and reorientation effects in dye-doped liquid crystals (LCs) is presented. In particular, the phenomena of photoinduced anchoring and permanent reorientation over a polymeric boundary surface of a dye-doped LC cell is reported, both in the isotropic phase and in the orientationally ordered nematic phase. The results have been interpreted microscopically in terms of adsorption and desorption of the dichroic azo-dye (methyl-red) molecules onto the illuminated surface during light irradiation. The model proposed is in agreement with recent results on the dynamic and stable grating formation in methyl-red doped LCs .
Liquid crystals have been shown to align on polarized ultra- violet (PUV) exposed polyimide films with the liquid crystal director oriented perpendicular to the polarization direction. Uniform pretilt is generated by a second oblique PUV exposure. Our results indicate that the liquid crystal has uniform pre-tilt with no preferred alignment direction on unexposed polyimide films. Normal exposure aligns the director but the pre-tilt is degenerate, pointing either to the plus or minus direction. Oblique exposure breaks the degeneracy producing a unique pre-tilt direction. The pre- tilt angle is related to the degree of imidization of the polyimide film. By adjusting the chemistry of polyimide, the pre-tilt angle can be varied continuously. Varying the structure of polyimide results in liquid crystal aligning either parallel or perpendicular to the PUV direction. Uniform alignment and pre-tilt can be produced with a single oblique exposure if the liquid crystal aligns parallel to the polarization direction. The photoalignment of liquid crystal on thin films of the azo dye methyl red spin coated on indium tin oxide glass surface is observed for the first time. Methyl red molecules are believed to first adsorb on the substrate with an isotropic orientation. After exposure with polarized visible light, the elongated structure of the molecule results in dichroic absorption of the light by molecules oriented parallel to the polarization direction. Our study shows that photo induced cis/trans isomerization process produces the preferred alignment of methyl red and therefore the liquid crystal perpendicular to the polarization direction.
Liquid crystals have been shown to align on polarized UV (PUV) exposed polyimide films with the liquid crystal director oriented perpendicular to the polarization direction. Uniform pretilt is produced by a second oblique PUV exposure. We report here the factors controlling liquid crystal alignment and pretilt on photo-exposed polyimide films. We show that the chemistry of the polyimide controls the liquid crystal aligns either parallel or perpendicular to the PUV. Also, the tilt angle of the liquid crystal can be varied continuously between 0 degrees and 90 degrees by adjusting the polyimide chemistry. Our results indicate that the liquid crystal has uniform pretilt with no preferred alignment direction on unexposed polyimide. Normal exposure aligns the director but the pretilt is degenerate, pointing in either the plus or minus direction. Oblique exposure breaks this degeneracy, producing a unique pretilt direction. We show that uniform alignment and pretilt can be produced with a single oblique exposure if the liquid crystal aligns parallel to the polarization direction.
Bistable reflective cholesteric displays offer a solution for low power consumption displays. Image retention in zero field combined with inherent reflectivity (no need for backlighting) makes them ideal for applications such as portable document viewers. Here, we present an overview of the current research activities and achievements in this technology with focus on recent developments in white-on-black and stacked color displays, low cost drive electronics, video rate potential, and newly developed field induced polymer walls.
Recent research by Doane, Yang, and Chien demonstrated the use of cholesteric liquid crystals in multiplexed, high resolution, reflective diplays. These materials utilize the bistability of the cholesteric planar and focal conic states for displays with a colored image on a black background. Many commercial applications of these materials, such as electronic books and newspapers, portable faxes and personal data assistants, require, or at least prefer, black-on- white images. We report on relatively high polymer content (equalsV 20% by weight) dispersions of cholesteric liquid crystals that produce a white, reflecting, planar state. The polymer network appears to form cholesteric domains with varying pitch lengths resulting in planar states that reflect in the red, green, and blue portions of the spectrum. Utilizing a black absorbing layer behind a display using these materials offers white images on a black background, or vice-versa.
Liquid crystal/polymer dispersions have widely recognized promise as light modulators in projection displays for high definition video. Achieving switching voltages compatible with active matrix display drivers while maintaining good on-screen contrast remains an area of active material research. As the driving voltage depends linearly on the liquid crystal/polymer dispersion thickness, one simple method to lower driving voltage is to operate with thinner dispersions. This approach has a significant impact on contrast ratio. We report on the results of a study of the dependence of the driving voltage and contrast ratio as a function of thickness. For very thin samples the voltage does not decrease with thickness and the contrast is greatly reduced, indicating a clear limit to this approach.
We studied the electro-optic properties as a function of temperature of a PDLC film composed of either E7 or E43 dispersed as droplets in a polyvinylformal (PVFM) matrix. The dissolved liquid crystal lowers the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the PVFM matrix to about 30 - 35 degree(s)C. The electro-optics of these PDLC films change abruptly at the polymer matrix Tg. In general the drive voltage decreases and the turn off time increases rapidly as the temperature is raised above Tg. Also, the shutter has essentially no hysteresis below, and significant hysteresis above Tg. These temperature effects are completely reversible. The rapid change in electro-optic properties cannot be entirely explained by changes in the polymer dielectric properties or droplet size and shape. We have therefore postulated that changes in the surface anchoring energy of the liquid crystal are primarily responsible for the abrupt changes in the electro-optic response at the matrix Tg.
We have developed a polymer dispersed liquid crystal
(PDLC) device for operation in the midinfrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This device can be incorporated in thermal imaging systems that utilize pyroelectric vidicons for night vision applications. The infrared electro-optic properties of several PDLCs
as a function of substrate, droplet size, film thickness, and applied ac voltage are examined using infrared spectroscopy, electro-optic and differential scattering measurements, and static video analysis.
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) have been developed for modulation of infrared radiation in the 2-5 and 8-14 micrometers wavelength regions. The electro-optic performance of an IR PDLC shutter depends on film thickness, liquid crystal droplet size, and the transparency of the substrates and the PDLC components. The effect of each of these factors on IR electro-optic performance of PDLC films was investigated using double modulation experiments and infrared spectroscopy. The authors have also compared the sensitivity of a pyroelectric vidicon infrared camera using PDLC shutter and a mechanical shutter.
The effects of droplet size on light scattering by polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Rayleigh-Gans calculations for a collection of droplets which scatter independently predict that backscattering at wavelength (lambda) will be maximized when the droplet radius is about (lambda) /7. These calculations are consistent with hemispherical transmittance and reflectance measurements on PDLC films with controlled droplet sizes in which multiple scattering is known to be important. These measurements indicate that solar attenuation by PDLC films will probably be greatest when the droplet size is chosen to maximize backscattering of visible radiation. This choice also increases solar attenuation due to absorption of radiation trapped inside a PDLC film by total internal reflection.
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices modulate light through electrically controlled light
scattering. Colored PDLCs are formed by incorporation ofdichroic dyes. The efficiency ofthe dichroic dye,
PDLC films depend on the scattering efficiency of the films, the dichroic ratio of the dichroic dye, the order
parameter ofthe dichroic dye in the liquid crystal used, and the fraction ofdye dissolved in the liquid crystal
droplets. The efficiency of these films can be measured using a UV/visible spectrometer. Incorporation of
dichroic dye in the PDLC film increases the refractive indices of the liquid crystal droplet affecting the
scattering efficiency ofthe PDLC film.
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