KEYWORDS: Dielectrophoresis, Electrodes, Particles, Point-of-care devices, Signal generators, Control systems, Electronics, Lab on a chip, Biological research, Dielectrics
In the 90s, efforts arise in the scientific world to automate and integrate one or several laboratory applications in tinny
devices by using microfluidic principles and fabrication technologies used mainly in the microelectronics field. It
showed to be a valid method to obtain better reactions efficiency, shorter analysis times, and lower reagents consumption
over existing analytical techniques. Traditionally, these fluidic microsystems able to realize laboratory essays are known
as Lab-On-a-Chip (LOC) devices. The capability to transport cells, bacteria or biomolecules in an aqueous medium has
significant potential for these microdevices, also known as micro-Total-Analysis Systems (uTAS) when their application
is of analytical nature. In particular, the technique of dielectrophoresis (DEP) opened the possibility to manipulate,
actuate or transport such biological particles being of great potential in medical diagnostics, environmental control or
food processing. This technique consists on applying amplitude and frequency controlled AC signal to a given
microsystem in order to manipulate or sort cells. Furthermore, the combination of this technique with electrical
impedance measurements, at a single or multiple frequencies, is of great importance to achieve novel reliable diagnostic
devices. This is because the sorting and manipulating mechanism can be easily combined with a fully characterizing
method able to discriminate cells. The paper is focused in the electronics design of the quadrature DEP generator and
the four-electrode impedance measurement modules. These together with the lab-on-a-chip device define a full
conception of an envisaged Point-of-Care (POC) device.
KEYWORDS: Biomedical optics, Glucose, Nanotechnology, Sensors, Medical research, In vivo imaging, Electrodes, Medicine, Biosensors, Biological research
It is widely recognized that the welfare of the most advanced economies is at risk, and that the only way to tackle this
situation is by controlling the knowledge economies and dealing with. To achieve this ambitious goal, we need to
improve the performance of each dimension in the "knowledge triangle": education, research and innovation. Indeed,
recent findings point to the importance of strategies of adding-value and marketing during R+D processes so as to bridge
the gap between the laboratory and the market and so ensure the successful commercialization of new technology-based
products. Moreover, in a global economy in which conventional manufacturing is dominated by developing economies,
the future of industry in the most advanced economies must rely on its ability to innovate in those high-tech activities
that can offer a differential added-value, rather than on improving existing technologies and products. It seems quite
clear, therefore, that the combination of health (medicine) and nanotechnology in a new biomedical device is very
capable of meeting these requisites.
This work propose a generic CMOS Front-End Self-Powered In-Vivo Implantable Biomedical Device, based on a threeelectrode
amperometric biosensor approach, capable of detecting threshold values for targeted concentrations of
pathogens, ions, oxygen concentration, etc.
Given the speed with which diabetes can spread, as diabetes is the fastest growing disease in the world, the nano-enabled
implantable device for in-vivo biomedical analysis needs to be introduced into the global diabetes care devices market.
In the case of glucose monitoring, the detection of a threshold decrease in the glucose level it is mandatory to avoid critic
situations like the hypoglycemia. Although the case study reported in this paper is complex because it involves multiple
organizations and sources of data, it contributes to extend experience to the best practices and models on nanotechnology
applications and commercialization.
This paper presents a first approach on multi-pathogen detection system for portable point-of-care applications on
discrete electronics field. The main interest is focused on the development of custom built electronic solutions for bioelectronics
applications, from discrete devices to ASICS solutions.
It is described the architecture of the electronics for the control of a wireless endoscopic capsule with locomotive capabilities and advanced sensing and actuating functions. Special emphasis is done to the description of the driver used for locomotion, which is the most innovative element in the capsule.
KEYWORDS: Transistors, Electronics, Solar cells, Switches, Capacitors, Power supplies, Field effect transistors, Digital electronics, Device simulation, Amplifiers
In this paper it is presented the design of the power supply system for an autonomous robot of few mm3 called I-SWARM
(Intelligent Small World Autonomous Robots for Micro-manipulation) which is based on the design of a low-dropout
regulator (LDO), and a bandgap reference circuit (BG), that has been designed for the LDO. The paper presents
the design, stability issues and full Montecarlo studies about the performances of the BG circuit and the LDO regulator,
for different temperature and supply conditions. The regulator has been developed to supply the required voltage for the
electronics involved in the robot to be tested in a near future. The regulator is based on a low-dropout linear regulator
(LDO). The architecture of the BG is based on a peaking current mirror circuit with MOSFET transistors, working in the
sub-threshold region. This architecture is very interesting because it presents a good trade-off between performances,
area and power dissipation. These circuits have been designed in a 0.13 &mgr;m technology from ST Microelectronics
through the CMP-TIMA service.
KEYWORDS: System on a chip, Virtual colonoscopy, Solar cells, Telecommunications, Computer programming, Prototyping, Sensors, Clocks, Control systems, Optical communications
This paper presents a System On Chip (SoC) designed specifically to control a mm3- sized microrobot called I-SWARM. The robot is intended to be part of a colony of 1000 I-SWARM robots for studying swarm behavior in real time and in a real swarm. The SoC offers a well-suited hardware platform to run multi-agent systems software. It is composed of an 8051 microcontroller with 2 kB of data memory and 8 kB of program memory. The processor is provided with specific hardware modules for controlling the locomotion unit, the communications and the vibrating contact sensor of the robot. These modules perform basic tasks as movements or communications so the 8051 can focus on processing data and taking decisions. With these capabilities, the robot is able to avoiding collisions with other members of the swarm, performing cooperative tasks, sharing information and executing specialized tasks. The SoC has been fabricated with a 0.13 &mgr;m ultra low power CMOS process of STMicroelectronics and consumes less than 1 mW.
Nowadays Atomic Force Microscopy is one of the most extended techniques performed in biological measurements. Due to the higher flexibility in respect to conventional equipments, a novel approach in this field is the use of a microrobot equipped with an AFM tool. In this paper it is presented an integrated controller for an AFM tool assembled in a 1 cm3 wireless microrobot. The AFM tool is mounted on the tip of a rotational piezoelectric actuator arm. It consists on a XYZ positioning scanner, based in 4 piezoelectric stacked actuators, and an AFM piezoresistance probe. Two types of AFM working modes are implemented in the controller, i.e., nanoidentation and AFM scanning. Correction of the mismatch of the piezoactuators composing the arm is possible. A programmable PID control is included in the controller in order to get more flexibility in terms of scanning speed and resolution. An IrDA protocol is used to program the parameters of the AFM tool controller and the positioning of the robot in the working area. Then the values of the nanoindentation or of the scanning can be read through the IrDA interface without any other external action.
Due to the strong power and area restrictions, the controller has been implemented in specific logic in a 0.35um technology. The design has been done using functional specifications with high level tools and RTL synthesis. The AFM scanner can be positioned with a resolution of 10 nm and scan areas up to 1 μm2 with an expected vertical resolution of 1nm.
An efficient 2-stage charge pump based on two-phase voltage doublers is proposed in this paper. Pulse skipping frequency regulators have been used to obtain a high efficiency over a wide range of loads. Since this charge pump has been designed for battery-powered portable devices, a power-up control system that combines a linear and a switched charging sequence has been included in each stage in order to avoid great current spikes at the beginning of the start-up process that could damage or shorten the battery life.
The result is a power efficient 2-stage charge pump capable to generate a maximum regulated output voltage up to 10V from a 2.7V-3.3V battery source and deliver a maximum power of 100mW. If it is desired, the regulated output voltage can be downscaled to a required lower regulated voltage through a simple programming method using external resistors plus internal digital circuitry. This circuit has been designed using a 0.7μI2T technology from AMI semiconductor.
KEYWORDS: Electronic circuits, Resistance, Control systems, Temperature metrology, Resistors, Combustion, Telecommunications, Silicon, Control systems design, Human-machine interfaces
An electronic circuitry is proposed and implemented to optimize the ignition process and the robustness of a microthruster. The principle is based on the integration of propellant material within a micromachined system. The operational concept is simply based on the combustion of an energetic propellant stored in a micromachined chamber. Each thruster contains three parts (heater, chamber, nozzle). Due to the one shot characteristic, microthrusters are fabricated in 2D array configuration. For the functioning of this kind of system, one critical point is the optimization of the ignition process as a function of the power schedule delivered by electronic devices. One particular attention has been paid on the design and implementation of an electronic chip to control and optimize the system ignition.
Ignition process is triggered by electrical power delivered to a polysilicon resistance in contact with the propellant. The resistance is used to sense the temperature on the propellant which is in contact. Temperature of the microthruster node before the ignition is monitored via the electronic circuitry. A pre-heating process before ignition seems to be a good methodology to optimize the ignition process. Pre-heating temperature and pre-heating time are critical parameters to be adjusted. Simulation and experimental results will deeply contribute to improve the micropyrotechnic system. This paper will discuss all these point.
The development of tools for a multi-microrobot manipulating system prototype to handle cells and biomolecules is proposed. The system will be based on a cluster (5 to 10) of small (cm3) mobile autonomous robots. The proposed system comprises several essential subsystems such as a global positioning system to provide accurate position information of each microrobot, advanced manipulating tools and a wireless power supply unit. It also includes user interfaces as well as systems for transporting objects into and out of the working range of the robots. Additional bio-handling arms must be integrated on the robots. Actuators for the positioning and moving of cells must be compatible with their living conditions. The application of non-uniform electric fields to non-charged particles suspended in aqueous medium produces a force over the particle due to the induced dipole moment.
A smart drug delivery injector microsystem is presented based on small pyrotechnics to impulse drugs to be injected to a human being. The proposal refers to a feasibility demonstration of the technology for pharmaceutical chips. These chips would be around some cm2 in section and will be able to inject a drug into de subject skin responding to an electrical signal. The product derived from this activity will be useful for astronaut's health, being able to administrate emergency doses of products (for instance cardio-tonic or hypoallegic drugs) enough to survive an emergency situation (as it can be a heart attack during EVA). The system can also be used for easy administration of drugs needed for physiological research.
The usefulness of the device in terrestrial applications has no doubt, allowing remote administration of drugs to patients whose biomedical parameters are remotely monitored. The concept proposed here is new in combining the idea of pharmaceutical chip with the ultrasonic droplet technology and the use of pyrotechnics to provide energy to the drug to be injected. The proposed Drug Injector Microsystem is based on 2 main blocks:- Micropyrotechnic system: defines the ignition part based on pyrotechnic.- Microfluidic system: defines the drug injection part. This part is also divided in different critical parts: Expansion chamber, membrane or piston, drug reservoir and a needle. Different sensors are placed on the expansion chamber of microfluidic system and on the micropyrotechnic system.
A complete electronic module is implemented with a PC interface to define flexible and user friendly experiences showing the smart drug delivery injector microsystem principle.
Based on small mobile robots the presented MINIMAN system provides a platform for micro-manipulation tasks in very different kinds of applications. Three exemplary applications demonstrate the capabilities of the system. Both the high precision assembly of an optical system consisting of three millimeter-sized parts and the positioning of single 20-μm-cells under the light microscope as well as the handling of tiny samples inside the scanning electron microscope are done by the same kind of robot. For the different tasks, the robot is equipped with appropriate tools such as micro-pipettes or grippers with force and tactile sensors. For the extension to a multi-robot system, it is necessary to further reduce the size of robots. For the above mentioned robot prototypes a slip-stick driving principle is employed. While this design proves to work very well for the described decimeter-sized robots, it is not suitable for further miniaturized robots because of their reduced inertia. Therefore, the developed centimeter-sized robot is driven by multilayered piezoactuators performing defined steps without a slipping phase. To reduce the number of connecting wires the microrobot has integrated circuits on board. They include high voltage drivers and a serial communication interface for a minimized number of wires.
Today, the use of robots for self acting tasks in applications ranging from biology and medicine to microsystems technology demand miniaturized dimensions and high-precision handling techniques. A lot of these tasks have been carried out by humans, but the manual capabilities are restricted to certain tolerances. Transport and manipulation of biological cells or assembly of micromechanical parts are the best suited applications for microrobots with sizes about cm3. Low cost and high-resolution actuators are critical performances which determine to choose piezoceramic materials as more suitable for micropositioning and micromanipulation units of a cm3 microrobot. Smart Piezoactuator Unit (SPUs) as a basic element of a new generation of cm3 microrobots have been developped. The main characteristic of this proposed Smart Piezoactuator Unit system is the integration of driving circuitry with the piezoelectric actuators and to include a serial communication interface to minimize the number of power and command wires. Micropositioning and micromanipulation units are developed combining properly 6 Smart Piezoactuator Units each one. A BCD technology (Bipolar, CMOS, DMOS) is used to design high voltage smart power integrated circuit for these Smart Piezoactuator Units. Using this technology we integrate in the same chip 4 power drivers with its control and protection circuitry.
A magnetic field-to-voltage converter using a magnetic MOSFET devices has been designed, simulated and tested. The resulting sensor was measured under magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 0.8T, the obtained sensitivity was 0.03T-1 with an offset lower than 0.2 percent. SPICE macro model for the MAGFET in the saturation region is presented. Also, we have simulated the behavior of the specific A/D system, based on a current-mode technique, making use of high description language.
Pressure sensors structures have been fabricated in a commercial CMOS foundry technology using a post-processing for back-side wafer micro machining. In order to predict the sensor response to an externally applied differential pressure, the structure behavior has been simulated by Finite Element Methods. The design and fabrication of test structures for these sensor devices is described. Experimental results obtained using these structures are presented.
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