In acrylamide-based photopolymer films, holographic recording processes can be characterized by “polymerization time” and “diffusion time.” Our films contain acrylamide (monomer), triethanolamine (radical initiator) and methylene blue (dye sensitizer) in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix for holographic recording by a He-Ne laser at 633 nm. In this study, diffraction-efficiency growth during holographic recording and angular response of diffraction efficiency after recording were measured. There were nine holographic samples with moderate index modulation and eight samples with overmodulation. Polymerization and diffusion times were determined from the measured diffraction-efficiency growth by curve fitting based on the first-harmonic diffusion-based model. In the curve fitting, film thickness estimated from the measured angular response was used. The evaluated polymerization time ranged between 2.8 to 6.8 sec, and no difference between the two types of index modulation was observed. On the other hand, diffusion time ranged between 3.7 to 35.8 sec, and was found to be clearly dependent on the resultant index modulation of the recorded films. Moreover, both times were found to be slightly dependent on film thickness.
In this study, angular multiplexing hologram recording photopolymer films were studied experimentally. The films contained acrylamide as a monomer, eosin Y as a sensitizer, and triethanolamine as a promoter in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix. In order to determine the appropriate thickness of the photopolymer films for angular multiplexing, photopolymer films with thicknesses of 29-503 μm were exposed to two intersecting beams of a YVO laser at a wavelength of 532 nm to form a holographic grating with a spatial frequency of 653 line/mm. The diffraction efficiencies as a function of the incident angle of reconstruction were measured. A narrow angular bandwidth and high diffraction efficiency are required for angular multiplexing; hence, we define the Q value, which is the diffraction efficiency divided by half the bandwidth. The Q value of the films depended on the thickness of the films, and was calculated based on the measured diffraction efficiencies. The Q value of a 297-μm-thick film was the highest of the all films. Therefore, the angular multiplexing experiments were conducted using 300-μm-thick films. In the angular multiplexing experiments, the object beam transmitted by a square aperture was focused by a Fourier transform lens and interfered with a reference beam. The maximum order of angular multiplexing was four. The signal intensity that corresponds to the squared-aperture transmission and the noise intensity that corresponds to transmission without the square aperture were measured. The signal intensities decreased as the order of angular multiplexing increased, and the noise intensities were not dependent on the order of angular multiplexing.
The stability of holographic gratings recorded on photopolymer films containing acrylamide as a monomer and N,N'- methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker was investigated experimentally. The photopolymer films contained acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, eosin Y, and triethanolamine in polyvinyl alcohol matrices. Four sets of films with different N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide concentrations were fabricated. The concentration of N,N'- methylenebisacrylamide was determined from the relative molar ratio of the crosslinker and the monomer. The relative molar ratio of N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide and acrylamide was set to 0.1, 0.02, 0.004, or 0. The photopolymer films were exposed to two intersecting 532 nm laser beams produced by a YVO laser for 100 s to form a holographic grating with a spatial frequency of 653 lines/mm. Each impinging beam had an intensity of 1.0 mW and a diameter of 2.25 mm. The diffracted intensity was measured during recording using a He-Ne laser at 633 nm and after one, two, and three days of dark storage using a YVO laser. Among the studied photopolymer films, that with a relative molar ratio of 0.1 showed high diffraction efficiency immediately after recording (91%) and the best stability after three days (80%).
The holographic characteristics of two different photopolymer films containing methyl violet dyes in polyvinyl alcohol matrices were examined. One of the films contains only dye in the matrix. A holographic grating in the film is created by bleaching the dye. The other film contains acrylamide as a monomer and triethanolamine as a promoter as well as dye in the matrix, and a holographic grating is formed by the photopolymerization of acrylamide. In this study, the temporal evolution of diffraction efficiency was measured during holographic recording, by changing the dye concentration, exposure power, etc. For the film exposed to bleaching, the diffraction efficiency had a peak at a specific exposure time, and then decreased with overexposure. For the film exposed to photopolymerization, the diffraction efficiency was saturated at high exposure, and the maximum efficiency was approximately 40%, much higher than that of the other film.
In this study, stability of holographic gratings recorded in four photopolymer films with different dyes was experimentally examined. Also, dye concentration was optimized to get high diffraction efficiency. Each film contains triethanolamine and acrylamide in polyvinyl alcohol matrix, and one type of dye: eosin Y, methyl violet, rhodamine B or rose bengal. Dye concentrations were adjusted so that transmittances of the four films 60 μm thick were approximately 94%. The photopolymer films were exposed by two intersecting beams of a YVO laser at 532 nm to form holographic grating with spatial frequency of 653 line/mm until the diffraction efficiency reached its maximum. The power of each recording beam was 10 mW, and its diameter was 2.25 mm each.
Diffraction efficiency was measured using a YVO laser beam for the recorded films undergoing either 300 sec reconstruction or 5-day dark storage. The photopolymer film containing eosin Y showed the best stability both for a 300 sec reconstruction and for 5-day storage. Regarding optimization of dye concentration, the diffraction efficiencies of more than 60 % were obtained when an amount of eosin Y is between 1 mg and 50 mg, which was solved in 9.1 % polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution of 110 g.
Holographic characteristics of two different films using methyl violet dyes in polyvinyl alcohol matrices are reported. One of the films, Film A, contains only methyl violet in the matrix. The other film, Film B, contains methyl violet, triethanolamine and acrylamide in the matrix. Diffraction efficiencies of the two films were measured and compared. Mechanisms of holographic recording and the functions of the dyes are discussed. The films were 8 μm thick. Holographic gratings were recorded in the films by two intersecting YVO laser beams at 532 nm. The recording intensity of each beam was 25 mW, 50 mW and 100 mW, and the beam diameter was 2.25 mm. The spatial frequency of the grating was 653 line/mm. During recording, intensity of the diffracted light was simultaneously measured using a He-Ne laser at 633 nm. Regarding Film A, diffraction efficiency reaches a peak at a specific exposure time. This means that holographic grating grows according to exposure time in low exposure, but vanishes when over-exposed. In bright regions of the interference fringe on the film, the dyes are bleached. Changes of absorption and refractive index due to bleaching would result in the holographic grating. Regarding Film B, the diffraction efficiency was saturated in high exposure, and the maximum diffraction efficiency was not strongly dependent on the concentration of methyl violet. In the bright regions of the interference fringe on the film, excited methyl violet and triethanolamine cause polymerization of acrylamide. Changes in the refractive index due to the polymerization build the holographic grating.
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