The concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the exposed cortex of guinea pigs evoked
by the auditory stimulation are measured by the multi-spectral imaging to investigate the relationship between spatial
extent of the brain activation determined by the statistical analysis and the SNR of the concentration changes in
oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin. The SNR of the concentration change in oxygenated haemoglobin measured
by the multi-spectral imaging is generally greater than that of deoxygenated haemoglobin. The difference in SNR tends
to affect the result of the spatial extent of brain activation estimated from the changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated
haemoglobin. The influence of the SNR on the spatial extent is evaluated by a numerical experiment. The results of the
numerical experiment are compared with the spatial extent of the brain activation estimated from the changes in
oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the exposed cortex of guinea pigs evoked by the auditory stimulation. It is
found that the spatial extent of the brain activation decreases with a decrease in SNR of the concentration change. The
difference in spatial extent of the brain activation estimated from the concentration changes in oxygenated and
deoxygenated haemoglobin is affected by the SNR of signal.
The changes in cortical blood flow and blood volume of guinea pigs during auditory stimulation are measured by optical
imaging systems. In this study, the change in blood flow distribution was measured by the laser speckle method and the
change in blood volume was measured by the multi-spectral imaging system. The significant increase in blood flow and
volume was observed around one side of the auditory area just after the onset of the stimulation. The decrease in blood
volume around the other side of the auditory area was observed whereas the blood flow surrounding the auditory area is
decreased during the post-resting period.
The concentration changes in oxygenated haemoglobin and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the brain cortex of guinea pigs
associated with brain activation are measured from the multi-spectral images of the cortical tissue. The cortical tissue is
observed through a thinned skull. The wavelength dependence of the optical path length is considered in the calculation
of haemoglobin concentration. The results are compared with those obtained from the multi-spectral images of the
exposed cortex to evaluate the influence of the thinned skull on the measurement of the concentration changes by multispectral
imaging system. Although the skull thickness affected the sensitivity of the change in reflectance due to decrease
in optical path in the cortical tissue, the influence of skull on the wavelength dependence of the optical path length can be
ignored when the skull thickness is approximately less than 100 &mgr;m.
The change in oxy- and deoxy haemoglobin in the cortical tissue caused by brain function can be measured from multi-spectral images of exposed cortex. We cannot ignore the wavelength dependence of mean optical path length of detected light to calculate the accurate changes in concentrations of oxy- and deoxy- haemoglobin in the cortical tissue. The optical path length factor, which reflects the wavelength dependence of mean optical path length, is experimentally estimated from the multi-spectral images of exposed cortex of guinea pigs. The optical path length factor improves the accuracy in changes in concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin obtained from the multi-spectral images.
The cahnges of the stress regime in the natural rocks often cause the fracture shear displacements, which lead (due to fracture surface roughness) to fracture dilation. The simple approach for simulating this natural process is proposed. The method incorporates the experimental measuring of the real fracture surface topography, mathematical modeling of the synthetic fracture lateral slipping (shear dilation). Mathematical model is based on the spectral synthesis method and accounts for the fractal nature of the fracture surfaces. It is shown that the topography of the lengthy fracture surface in the natural rocks can be properly characterized with the data obtained from the small fragments of these surfaces. The algorithm for computing and predicting the fracture dilation and shear dilation angles in the natural rocks as functions of shear offset is proposed.
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