We demonstrate that Direct Laser Writing (DLW) can be used to print low loss planar polymer waveguides on glass, thus promising a novel soft matter platform for polymer all-optic micro-photonics. We printed straight waveguides with various cross sections and lengths up to 900μm on a 500nm thin layer of low refractive index CYTOP on glass. We also printed two rectangular micro-prisms at each end of the waveguide, which provides coupling of light in and out of the waveguides. The printed structures were imaged and characterized by SEM and we measured the attenuation of light, propagating along the waveguides. While the high refractive index photosensitive resin IP-n162 shows moderate attenuation of ∼14dB/cm at 580nm, the IP-S photosensitive resin shows lower attenuation of ∼5-9dB/cm in a rather broad window around 580nm.
Since the discovery of dye lasers, constant efforts are made towards developing optical gain materials with improved performance. Choosing an optical gain material for application in high-performance cholesteric liquid crystal micro-lasers requires a dedicated screening method. We employ Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE), and time-dependent fluorescence under pulsed excitation to study the optical gain parameter and photo-stability of laser dyes pyrromethene 567, pyrromethene 580, pyrromethene 597, pyrromethene 650, DCM, and Nile Red, dissolved in a nematic liquid crystal 5CB. Optical gain of CdSe/ZnS coreshell quantum dots dispersed in dodecene and CdSe/CdS coreshell quantum rods, dispersed in toluene was also measured and found to be much lower compared to the gain of fluorescent dyes. Pump energy and polarization dependence of ASE from dye molecules incorporated in the planar-aligned liquid crystal matrix is addressed. We determine the optical gain coefficient for different laser dyes by using the variable laser stripe illumination method using the small-signal gain model. The polarization dependence of ASE is determined in various geometries. We depict photostability from the half-life of emission intensity decay over a large number (106-107) of repeated laser pulses for fluorescent dyes, quantum rods and quantum dots. We find that quantum rods and quantum dots are much more stable compared to fluorescent dyes. Based on the photophysical characterization, we select pyrromethene 567 and pyrromethene 597 as efficient laser dyes for nematic liquid crystal micro-lasers.
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