Bimodal (polymodal) features of the probability density functions for surface air temperature anomalies in transitional seasons are analyzed based on daily data from meteorological observations in the North Eurasian regions. Changes during last decades are estimated.
Based on the NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristics of seasonal variations in cyclonic and anticyclonic activity over the Baikal Basin in 1980–2016 were analyzed. The estimates for the latitudinal dependence of cyclonic and anticyclonic activity in the atmosphere for the longitude belt 98 °E — 112 °E (corresponding to the longitudinal extent of the Baikal Basin) are obtained. Comparison of the two periods - the end of the 20th century (from 1980 till 1994 — period I) and the beginning of the 21st century (from 2002 till 2016 — period II) - revealed a decrease in cyclonic and an increase in anticyclonic activity over the Baikal Basin in summer. At the same time, the intensification of winter cyclonic activity in middle latitudes and anticyclonic activity in higher latitudes was noted.
Estimates of the tropospheric lapse rate γ and an analysis of its connection with the surface air temperature Ts in high
latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere for summer and winter are performed using monthly-mean data from the ERAInterim
reanalysis (1979-2014). According to the reanalysis data the lapse rate values increase from 4.7 K/km near the
pole to 5.3 K/km in subpolar latitudes in winter and from 5.3 to 6.1 K/km in summer.
The estimates of dγ/dTs in interannual variability are found positive over the most part of the Arctic from reanalysis data.
At the same time, a negative correlation between γ and Ts was found for the Atlantic sector of the Arctic in winter and for
the central Arctic in summer. It is also noted regional peculiarities in the connection of lapse rate with Arctic oscillation
for winter and summer.
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