Supraglacial debris essentially hamper the mapping of ice glaciers by remote sensing data. A semi-automatic approach for the mapping of debris covered glaciers in Astor Basin was applied, which combines the inputs from optical satellite data and the digital elevation model (DEM) data. Strong and effective pixel-based band ratios have turned out to be precise for naturally outlining clean glacier ice, however such classifications algorithm exhibit limitations in delineating debriscovered ice because of its spectral resemblance with adjacent landscape. Object based image analysis (OBIA) has risen as another examination strategy inside remote sensing. It gives a system to filter out worthless details and integrate other parts of detail into a single object, although it is also allowing contextual, shape, textural and, hierarchical principles to be used to classify imagery. Supraglacial debris-covered, snow covered glaciers and glaciated ice in Astor Basin were mapped by using Landsat 7,8 imageries gained from 2010 to 2017 and a digital elevation model (DEM) acquired from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS).The methods offered recognized their usefulness using freely accessible reasonable resolution Landsat OLI and ALOS data. Yet, the increasing availability of high resolution imageries, improved quality and the latest digital terrain data grip the potential of enhanced image segmentation and classification from OBIA approaches.
Refractivity happens due to stratification in the lower boundary layer over oceans due to variability of moisture,
temperature, wind and sea surface temperature which collectively may lead to generate evaporation duct. The
evaporation duct has a significant impact on the spread of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere over oceans
both from the meteorological and military point of view. This ducting sometimes supports normal propagation of
radar signals and sometimes may cause distortion and attenuation of signals depending on the height of evaporation
duct. This leads to over-estimation and under-estimation of rainfall by weather radar meteorologically and for other
targets militarily. The aim of this study was not only to locate evaporation duct height but also to check the
efficiency of Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and Babin’s model so that results may be used in
applying correction measures for precise identification of targets by radar. In this study by utilizing the high vertical
resolution of WRF for the simulation of different meteorological parameters, the Babin’s method was used for
calculating the evaporation duct height over South China Sea for the two months, April and July. Very clear duct
heights were calculated at different areas over sea in different time domains. Study reveals that maximum height
existed in the month of April although July was rich with different EDHs in different regions in contrast to April. It
was found that in most of the cases EDH was higher or maximum when relative humidity was comparatively lower
and air temperature and wind speed were comparatively higher. This study paves a way for futuristic study of
evaporation duct monitoring and forecasting by assimilation of remote sensing data especially through that of Geostationary
satellites by incorporating verification measures from radar.
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