Photoplethysmography is an important optical method in healthcare and contains a wealth of information about physiological dynamics. For a quantitative assessment of vascular tone indices, an effective and modern method of analyzing the relief of the photoplethysmogram within the pulse cycle is required. A new method for detecting singular points of the contour of photoplethysmograms is proposed, based on the model of a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN). The successful work of the network of the method for finding the systolic peak, dicrotic notch and diastolic peak has been demonstrated. It is shown that the average relative error does not exceed 5 percent. The proposed method can be used in computer monitoring systems for vascular tone.
Long-term continuous registration of photoplethysmograms allows observing periodic fluctuations of regional vascular tone, which is important for non-invasive functional diagnostics of a number of diseases of the vascular system. But the relief of the photoplethysmogram within the pulse cycle in some functional states is poorly expressed, which significantly reduces the possibility of a quantitative assessment of the indicators of vascular tone. We propose a new algorithm for detecting special points of the contour of photoplethysmograms, based on the discovered relationship between the position of these special points and the duration of the pulse cycle. The efficiency of the new algorithm in cases where there is no diastolic rise has been demonstrated. It is shown that the average relative error does not exceed 5%. The proposed algorithm can be used in computer monitoring systems for vascular tone.
The paper presents the results of a harmonic analysis of the indicators of photoplethysmograms of the human index finger, which characterize the pulse blood filling and tone of large diameter arteries (blood distribution vessels), as well as indicators of the tone of small diameter arteries. Fourier analysis of periodic changes in the tone of regional arteries of various diameters was carried out with natural breathing, in a test with deep breathing (hyperventilation), with the voluntary breathing at three fixed frequencies (0.2Hz, 0.1Hz; 0.05Hz). The tests were performed under spirographic control. The advantage of the spectral analysis of photoplethysmographic indicators over the traditional harmonic analysis of PPG in studies of the relationship between changes in the tone of regional arteries of various diameters on the one hand, and the depth and frequency of breathing of the subject on the other hand is shown. Spectral analysis of photoplethysmographic indicators is more effective in observing the dynamics of transient changes in the tone of regional arteries in people with neurocirculatory disorders of blood circulation regulation.
The propagation of short light pulses in a three-level medium with reverse saturable absorption taking into account relaxation is considered. It is shown that in such a medium soliton-like pulses of constant duration can propagate. The areas in the five-dimensional parameter space in which such pulses can exist are determined by numerical methods. The parameters of the problem are the characteristics of the medium – the relaxation time, the ratio of the absorption cross sections of the first excited and ground states and the initial transmittance, as well as the characteristics of the pulse – the duration and intensity.
A new method of photoplethysmogram analysis for complex assessment of natural fluctuations of pulse blood filling and tone of peripheral arteries based on the results of long-term photoplethysmographic monitoring of peripheral volumetric pulse is proposed. The method is based on finding the variational, statistical and spectral indicators of the relative amplitude characteristics of the photoplethysmogram. Standard algorithms of variational, statistical and spectral analysis are used to realize the method. The method can be used for the analysis of disorders of regulation of regional vascular pulse blood filling, tone arteries of small diameter, as well as conditions of regional venous return of blood to the heart.
In this paper, the propagation of nanosecond laser pulses in various media with reverse saturable absorption is studied by numerical methods. Numerical simulation of the propagation of nanosecond laser pulses in a three-level medium with reverse saturable absorption was carried out using the classical transport equation for the case of incoherent nonlinear interaction of radiation with the medium described by the proposed three-level model. The degree of pulse deformation in such media is estimated. It is shown that with an increase in intensity, the pulse begins to deform, the pulse front shortens, the trailing edge becomes longer, the asymmetry coefficient increases. An additional maximum begins to form during a trailing edge with a further increase in intensity. As the additional maximum increases, the asymmetry coefficient monotonously decreases to negative values.
The most promising method for the quantitative determination of cardiovascular tone indicators and of cerebral hemodynamics indicators is the method of impedance plethysmography. The accurate determination of these indicators requires the correct identification of the characteristic points in the thoracic impedance plethysmogram and the cranial impedance plethysmogram respectively. An algorithm for automatic analysis of these plethysmogram is presented. The algorithm is based on the hard temporal relationships between the phases of the cardiac cycle and the characteristic points of the plethysmogram. The proposed algorithm does not require estimation of initial data and selection of processing parameters. Use of the method on healthy subjects showed a very low detection error of characteristic points.
The propagation of nanosecond laser pulses in solutions of large-scale carbon nanostructures has been theoretically and numerically investigated in this paper. The three-level ladder-type scheme was used to study the medium with RSA. Numerical simulation of the propagation of nanosecond laser pulses in RSA media was carried out using the classical transport equation for incoherent nonlinear interaction of radiation with the medium described by the proposed three-level model. It is shown that for sufficiently small relaxation times of the medium and high intensity of, a splitting of the transmitted pulse by two is possible.
Photoinduced nonlinear absorption of new carbon nanoparticles – astralenes and two types of carbon nanoclusters was investigated. The nonlinear absorption of aqueous suspensions of astralenes and solutions of carbon nanoclusters was studied by the method of z-scanning with Nd3+ -glass laser (wavelength λ = 1064 nm) in Q-switching regimes. A numerical model of the propagation of the laser pulse in a medium with reverse saturable absorption was created. Relaxation time of the first exited state and the ratio of absorption cross-sections of the first exited and ground states for the researched types of carbon nanoparticles were determined by the numerical simulation.
Significant deviation of light pulse group velocity from the speed of light с due to the anomalous dispersion of a medium (so-called “slow” and “fast” light phenomena) may be caused by several mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is reverse saturable absorption. This work presents experimental research of the propagation of high-power ultrashort laser pulses through the aqueous solution of the carbon nanostructures. Our experimental results demonstrate a “fast light” behavior of pulses transmitted through the aqueous solution of carbon nanostructures. Results of our numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results and confirm that the observed phenomenon is due to reverse saturable absorption. The group velocity of nanosecond high-power laser pulses is negative and achieves value to –c/275.
This paper presents a theoretical approach to describe the effect of fast light. The propagation of the light pulses in the large-sized carbon nanostructures was investigated. Dependence of the group velocity on the pulse energy and the ratio of the absorption cross-sections of the medium was investigated. It is shown that the group velocity decreases if the duration and energy of the incident pulse on the medium with the reverse saturable absorption increase.
A model of the laser pulse propagation through a medium with a special mechanism of optical limiting - the effect of the reverse saturated absorption - was proposed. It is shown that the propagation through three-level medium with reverse saturable absorption leads to decrease duration and transformation of the profile of the pulse. Analytical expressions for the maximum intensity shift and change of duration of the laser pulse were obtained.
Results of numerical model operation of the x-ray radiation spectra and values of the magnetic field induction of the laser plasma received on aluminium and copper targets under action of USP are presented in this work. In calculations the mathematcial model including combined equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics in vie of tranpsor ot laser radiation and a self-radiation of laser plasm, supplemented by equations of state and tabulared absorption constant was used. Calculations have shown the oscillation of the x-rays in a pectral rang 1-10 keV with intensity up to 1011 W/cm2. It is revealed that the accoutn of a heating of plasma by the laser USP changes sharply the morphology of a powerful shock plams wave. Calucation has shown that near to a surface of a target there is an oscillation of spontaneous magnetic fields with an induction about 5•107 Gs. And medial value of a magnetic field induction on a copper target in 1. times is more than on an aluminium target. The electron concnetration in laser plams on a copper target, on the average, in 1.3 times is more than on an aluminium target. The velocity of a motion of front of laser plama is ovservationally estimaed at an optical breakdown in atmosphere which ahs made quantity about 7.5•106cm/s.
The opportunity of identification of a pathology of a cervical tissue on the reference interrelation of contributions of the basic
endogenic fluorophors in fluorescence spectrum is researched. The mathematical model and results of calculations of contributions
of fluorophors at norm and at some pathologies is submitted. The experimental fluorescence spectrum of a cervical
tissue has been decomposed on the fluorophor spectrums calculated beforehand. Contributions of fluorophors are received on
method of least squares.
Results of numerical model operation of an X-rays spectra of radiation of the laser plasma received on an aluminium
target are presented. They have shown oscillation of an X-rays in a spectral range 1 - 10 keV with intensity up to
Irent = 1011W/cm2. In calculations the mathematical model including combined equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics
in view of transport of laser radiation and a self-radiation of laser plasma, supplemented by equations of state and absorption constants,
the given in a tabulared view was used. It has been found that the account of a heating of plasma
by laser radiation sharply changes morphology of a powerful shock wave of plasma. Calculation has shown that near to
a surface of a target there is an oscillation of spontaneous magnetic fields with an induction about 5 x 107 Gs. Besides velocity of a motion of front of laser plasma is observationally estimated at an optical breakdown in atmosphere which
has made quantity about 7.5 x l06cm/s.
Results of numerical solution of the equations of generation of STRML-laser are presented. They have show, that the pulses of generation of the STRML-laser has chirp. Factor of chirp changes the sign in limits of one pulse was shown. Sign-variable factor of chirp reduces to that at a compression of pulses with the help of a pair of diffraction gratings duration of impulses oscillates. The maximum coefficient of a compression is equal 4. The superregenerative amplification of pulses of the STRML-laser reduces in magnification of factor of chirp, and consequently, to more effective squeezing pulses in the compressor.
A method of measuring distances founded on the optical location of remote objects with the use of ultra-short pulses (USP) of mode-locked lasers is offered. The basic time interval is proportional to the motion time of a sounding USP along the trajectory and is integer quantity proportional to the round-trip time of both laser-counter of a measured interval and of mode-locked laser of sounding USP. Its measuring will be carried out by counting the relevant USP of the CW stabilized on their round-trip time mode-locked laser. Being synchronized with this laser at the moment of the probing USP radiation and being accepted by the photodetector, it has some jitter with the USP of the laser-counter proximate on time, which is detected additionally with the purpose of increasing of the measuring precision. As the laser of a sounding pulse, a pulsing solid-state laser with short-term resonant modulation of losses (STRML-laser) and earlier investigated is proposed. Its properties from the viewpoint of its external dirigibility by electric pulses are described.
The possibilities of realizing an intracavity self injection regime in laser with short-term resonant modulation of losses (STRML) have been investigated. It is shown by calculations, analytically and experiments that natural chirp is proposer to USP of the STRML-laser. The monoblock construction of electrooptical double modulator for the STRML-laser has been represented.
In development of a known method of an regenerative amplification of low-power picosecond pulses (the injection seeding method) its modification: the method of injection locking of master laser with the amplifying laser (laser with short-term resonance modulation of losses--STRML-laser) is offered. The use of the STRML-laser as the regenerative amplifier allows to lower a level of the laser-injector power on two-four order. For the neodymium laser with an output pulse energy 1 - 2 J this power can be lowered up to 1 W, and the reliable capture can be carried out with 5 W. It enables to realize the circuit of self-injection in the STRML-laser by adding a nonlinear passive modulator in a cavity. Thus at a beginning of linear stage it is possible to `sow' pulses resulting in generation of much more short on a comparison with realized in a STRML-regime with preservation of remaining positive qualities of this laser.
The method of analysis of supermodes composition in laser with short-term periodic modulation of losses--nonstationary supermodes--has been suggested and investigated. This method is based on the property of invariance supermode to Fourier-transformation. In experiment this is displayed by a regular modulation of integral spectrum of generation such laser in case, when individual supermode is generated. Realization of method makes possible to obtain detailed data about dynamics of generation laser and also to solve problems of control the parameters of characteristic for a given laser high-energy ultrashort pulses.
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