Nanosized materials have shown a relevant potential for practical application in a broad number of research fields, in industrial production and in everyday life. However, these substances acquire new properties and therefore may be biologically very active. This raise questions their potential toxic effects on living organisms. In some cases the nanosized materials or nano-composites possess distinct positive properties in enhancing the adaptation of plants in unfavorable conditions and in decreasing the negative effect of some chemical substances. The information about the positive and negative effects of nano-materials as well as the data concerned to the innovative approaches used by authors for the rapid assessment of the total toxicity with the exploitation of bacteria, Daphnia and plants are given. In last case a special attention is paid to the control of natural bioluminescence and chemoluminescence of living medium of organisms, the energy of the seed germination and the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus in growing plants by the estimation of chlorophyll fluorescence by the special “Floratest” biosensor. Three specific clases of nano-materials are analysed: a) nano-particles ZnO, Ag2O, FeOx, TiO2 and others, b) colloidal suspension of the same compounds, and c) nanostructured layered clay materials (acid saponites and Nb-containing saponite clays). The next features are analyzed: the biocidal activity (for nanoparticles), the improvement of the nutrition of plants on calcareous soils (for colloidal structures), the activity and performances as heterogeneous catalysts (for Nb-containing saponites, as selective oxidation catalysts for toxic organosulfur compounds into non-noxious products). The chemical and physical characterization of the nanosized materials described here was studied by different spectrophotometric and microscopic techniques, including AFM and SEM.
In last time gardens are often at the dangerous of viruses and bacteria infections. To preserve not only the coming
harvest, but, in generally, to provide stability and growing horticultures the development of new generation of the
analytical techniques for remote express screening vegetative state arrays and direct control of the appropriate infection
if appearance of its maybe expected on the basis of previous surveys are very actually and important. For continuous
monitoring we propose the application of the complex of the optical analytical devices as “Floratest” and “Plasmatest”
(both produced in Ukraine) which is able to control step by step general situation with vegetable state and verify
concrete situation with infection. General screening is accomplished on the control of the intensity of chlorophyll
induction (IChF), namely, registration of so called Kautsky curve which testifies about physiological mechanisms of
energy generation, accumulation and effective ways of its realization in cells. The measuring may be done by direct
way on the number of individual vegetables and remote screening of massive with transferring registered signal direct
in the laboratory. Next step of control connected with the application of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based
immune biosensor which is able to determine concrete bacteria (for example, Erwinia amilovora) with the limit
detection about 0.2 μg/ml, the overall time of the analysis within 30 min (5 min of the duration of one measurement).
The traditional ELISA-method showed the sensitivity to this pathogen about 0.5 μg/ml, overall time of the analysis
several hours and obligatory using additional expensive reagents.
The results of studies about the effects of colloidal solutions of Fe and Zn on the photosynthetic activity of plants of yellow lupine affected by carbonate chlorosis are given. It is shown that the impression of plants by carbonate chlorosis causes a decrease in the efficiency of photosystem II and in result of that the affected plants lag in a weight. Processing plants by the colloidal solutions of iron and zinc creates conditions for improvement of function of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants.
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