Mr. Ryan P. Sullivan Profile

Ryan P. Sullivan

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Proceedings Article | 16 March 2020 Paper

Deep learning methods for segmentation of lines in pediatric chest radiographs

Ryan Sullivan, Greg Holste, Jonathan Burkow, Adam Alessio

Proceedings Volume 11314, 113142I (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2550686

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Computer programming, Chest imaging, Statistical modeling, Data modeling, Performance modeling, Image classification

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Surgical procedures often require the use of catheters, tubes, and lines, collectively called lines. Misplaced lines can cause serious complications, such as pneumothorax, cardiac perforation, or thrombosis. To prevent these problems, radiologists examine chest radiographs after insertion and throughout intensive care to evaluate their placement. This process is time consuming, and incorrect interpretations occur with notable frequency. Fast and reliable automatic interpretations could potentially reduce the cost of these surgical operations, decrease the workload of radiologists, and improve the quality of care for patients. We develop a segmentation model which can highlight the medically relevant lines in pediatric chest radiographs using deep learning. We propose a two-stage segmentation network which first classifies whether images have medically relevant lines and then segments images with lines. For the segmentation stage, we use the popular U-Net architecture substituting the encoder path with multiple state-of-the-art CNN encoders. Our study compares the performance of different permutations of model architectures for the task of highlighting lines in pediatric chest radiographs and demonstrates the effectiveness of the two-stage architecture.

Proceedings Article | 10 March 2020 Presentation + Paper

Multi-class semantic segmentation of pediatric chest radiographs

Gregory Holste, Ryan Sullivan, Michael Bindschadler, Nicholas Nagy, Adam Alessio

Proceedings Volume 11313, 113131E (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2544426

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Radiography, Chest imaging, Performance modeling, Data modeling, Chest, Spine, Lung, Binary data

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Chest radiographs are a common diagnostic tool in pediatric care, and several computer-augmented decision tasks for radiographs would benefit from knowledge of the anatomic locations within the thorax. For example, a pre-segmented chest radiograph could provide context for algorithms designed for automatic grading of catheters and tubes. This work develops a deep learning approach to automatically segment chest radiographs into multiple regions to provide anatomic context for future automatic methods. This type of segmentation offers challenging aspects in its goal of multi-class segmentation with extreme class imbalance between regions. In an IRB-approved study, pediatric chest radiographs were collected and annotated with custom software in which users drew boundaries around seven regions of the chest: left and right lung, left and right subdiaphragm, spine, mediastinum, and carina. We trained a U-Net-style architecture on 328 annotated radiographs, comparing model performance with various combinations of loss functions, weighting schemes, and data augmentation. On a test set of 70 radiographs, our best-performing model achieved 93.8% mean pixel accuracy and a mean Dice coefficient of 0.83. We find that (1) cross-entropy consistently outperforms generalized Dice loss, (2) light augmentation, including random rotations, improves overall performance, and (3) pre-computed pixel weights that account for class frequency provide small performance boosts. Overall, our approach produces realistic eight-class chest segmentations that can provide anatomic context for line placement and potentially other medical applications.

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