Ground-based telescopes require useful and productive instruments to stay relevant in astronomy. The Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS), originally on the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) 4-meter Mayall Telescope, is a long-slit and multi-object, low-resolution spectrograph. KOSMOS was acquired by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) for the Apache Point Observatory (APO) ARC 3.5m telescope, implemented redesigns to the instrument, and renamed KOSMOS II. The instrument was integrated into the ARC 3.5m's operational environment by adding a Nasmyth port adapter, a cart with truss for mechanical support, and telescope user interface (TUI) software. Upgrades include slit-viewing guiding, internal calibration lamps, heat exhaust, and a new cryostat. Since 2021, KOSMOS II has proven capable of the high-throughput, low-resolution spectroscopy required by the ARC 3.5m user community. This paper describes the design updates and revisions made to the instrument along with measurements of its performance.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V) is an all-sky, multi-epoch spectroscopic survey designed to decode the stellar evolution of the Milky Way, reveal the inner workings of stars, study the interstellar medium in the Local Volume of galaxies, and track the growth of supermassive black holes across the Universe. SDSS-V presents significant innovations in hardware and instrumentation, with the introduction of a new Focal Plane System instrument that enables multi-object spectroscopy using an array of 500 robotic fibre positioners, and the development of a new robotic observatory for the Local Volume Mapper program. These advances in instrumentation and operations necessitate a similarly evolved computing and software architecture to ensure survey efficiency and to take advantage of the improvements in software engineering and development. In this paper we present the cyberinfrastructure of the SDSS project with focus on the changes introduced since the previous iteration of the project, the adoption of new technologies, and the lessons learned in this process.
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