The aim of this work is to analyze the average monthly salinity of the surface layer of the Sea of Azov according to in situ measurements in the period 1913–2018 and remote sensing measurements in the period 2015–2022. We used in situ data at 0–2 m depths, as well as SMAP V5 level 3 monthly average sea surface salinity data with better spatial resolution than similar remote sensing instruments Aquarius and SMOS (MIRAS). Using the example of the Sea of Azov, it is shown that for shallow and slightly saline water areas, the error in determining salinity from satellite measurements is 0.5–3 relative to in situ observations.
In this work, we obtained the results of salinity recovery in the Sea of Azov for the 19-year period 2000–2018, obtained on the basis of a regression model using regional biooptical parameters according to MODIS-Terra/Aqua data. To analyzed the deviations of the average monthly values of the restored salinity relative to climatology for 1913–2018. The results of the estimating of average monthly salinity anomalies in the spring and summer seasons relative to the climatic fields of salinity in the maps. Based on the comparison of the average monthly values of the reconstructed and observed in situ salinity, conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of using a regression model obtained by direct averaging of regression coefficients. The most effective regional bio-optical parameter determined, in terms of the best correlation of reconstructed salinity versus in situ measurements.
The paper discusses an approach to reconstructing the salinity fields of the Sea of the Azov based on obtaining generalized regression equations relating in situ archival data in 1913–2012. With regional biooptical parameters obtained from MODIS second level standard products. The possibility of prompt recovery of salinity fields in the surface layer of the sea and the use of the results of the proposed method in the construction of spatial maps of the Azov Sea salinity, synchronized in time with satellite images is show. The reliability of the obtained results is confirmed by a good agreement between the average values of the restored salinity and the long-term average salinity trends of the Sea of the Azov according to in situ data in the modern periods of 1986–2018 and 2000–2018.
A method based on the use of statistical models and mathematical procedures to obtain regular information on the temperature and salinity of the Sea of Azov in the form of maps of their vertical and surface distribution is proposed. We used the measurements of temperature and salinity for the period 1913–2012 and the observations data from MODIS-Aqua/Terra instruments regularly passing over the Sea of Azov, and the simulation results of three-dimensional hydrodynamic Princeton Ocean Model supplemented by mathematical procedures. The possibility of the operative recovery of salinity values is based on regression statistics on the bio-optical characteristics index34 = RRS(531)/RRS(488) and bbp(555). They are obtained from remote sensing observations and indicate the total absorption of light and its scattering by suspended particles in top layer of water.
This paper provides a synergetic approach between numerical modeling and remote sensing of bio-optical water properties. The work demonstrates that appropriate data-assimilation schemes make numerical modeling a suitable and reliable tool for filling the gaps arising due to satellite imagery unavailability and/or cloud covering. In this research we apply the Princeton Ocean Model to the Sea of Azov, assimilating bio-optical indexes (index34 and bbp(555)) from MODIS L2 products. These data identify the presence of suspended matter (mineral suspended matter from river discharges or resuspending as a result of a strong wind), and suspended matter of biological origin. The ad hoc assimilation/correction scheme allows for prediction (and reanalysis) of transport and diffusion of the bio-optical tracers. Results focus on the ability of the method to provide spatial maps that overcome the general issues related to Ocean Color imagery (e.g., cloud cover) and on the comparison between the assimilating and the non-assimilating runs. Methods of joined information analysis are discussed and the quality of model forecasts is estimated depending on the intervals of the satellite data assimilation. Hydrodynamic modeling of the Sea of Azov was carried out for the period of 2013–2014 applying meteorological data of the regional weather forecasting system SKIRON/Eta. The analysis of data coherence helps to detect negative changes to the sea waters, predict them and forecast typical areas and territories subject to anthropogenic impact. The successive data-assimilation algorithm is proved to improve the forecast of suspended matter transfer.
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