Real-time health monitoring of engineering structures is crucial for improving structural safety, extending the lifespan of structures, and reducing maintenance costs. In this paper, based on the strain monitoring data from distributed fiber optic sensors, a deformation reconstruction algorithm is established to obtain structural deformation information from strain measurements. An experimental test is conducted on a reinforced concrete plate subjected to explosive loads. Distributed fiber optic strain sensors are embedded in the upper and lower surfaces of the plate, and the deformation of the concrete plate under different blast conditions is evaluated by varying the explosive yield. The comparison between the reconstructed deformation results and the actual state of the structure (obtained through high-precision laser scanning) shows that the error of the structural deformation monitoring system based on fiber optic sensors is less than 3mm.
Protective engineering structures are designed to withstand and mitigate the effects of penetration explosions. However, such explosions can generate a variety of toxic gases, including TVOC, CO2, CO, HCHO, C6H6, NH3, Rn, NOx, PM2.5, PM10 and etc. The presence of these toxic gases poses a significant threat to the health and safety of personnel within these structures. Therefore, it is crucial to have timely knowledge of the changing concentrations of toxic gases during penetration explosions in order to effectively minimize harm to occupants. To address this issue, a method is proposed to monitor the concentration of toxic gases in real time during penetration explosions in protective engineering structures. The first step involves eliminating the influence of the explosion itself by using nylon ropes to fill the target projectile. This ensures that the focus is solely on monitoring the toxic gas emissions resulting from the penetration process.
Next, a comprehensive monitoring system is implemented to measure the concentrations of various toxic gases. This system utilizes advanced sensors and detectors capable of detecting TVOC, CO2, CO, HCHO, C6H6, NH3, Rn, NOx, PM2.5, PM10 and etc. The sensors are strategically placed within the protective engineering structure to provide accurate and representative measurements. promptly relays the information to a centralized control center. This enables personnel responsible for the safety of the structure to monitor the changing gas concentrations and take appropriate measures to protect occupants. For example, if the concentration of a particular toxic gas exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm can be triggered, prompting immediate evacuation or the activation of ventilation systems to mitigate the risks. By implementing this real-time monitoring system, the potential harm caused by toxic gases during penetration explosions in protective engineering structures can be effectively minimized. The ability to promptly detect and respond to changes in gas concentrations ensures the safety and well-being of personnel within these structures. This research contributes to the advancement of protective engineering practices and provides valuable insights for the design and operation of structures in high-risk environments.
To meet the high-precision positioning requirements of dam health monitoring,this paper designs a high spatial resolution distributed Brillouin dam health monitoring scheme based on DPP-BOTDA (Differential Pulse Pair Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis) technology.Due to the large pulse width and strong pulse energy of the two differential pulses used in the Brillouin system, the high-precision measurement of Brillouin frequency shift can be achieved; Moreover, the difference in pulse width between the differential pulse pair is small, which can achieve high spatial resolution and meet the high-precision positioning and measurement requirements for dam health monitoring. The rise and fall time of the pulse signals is a key factor affecting the spatial resolution of DPP-BOTDA systems. To achieve centimeter level spatial resolution, this paper designs a SOA (semiconductor optical amplifiers) narrow pulse driving circuit that can generate pulse signals with rise and fall times less than 1 ns (ps level pulse edge). An experimental setup for the DPP-BOTDA system is built. The SOA narrow pulse driving circuit mentioned above is used to generate pulse signals with pulse widths of 48ns and 50ns, respectively, for differential Brillouin tests. By analyzing the spatial resolution test curve of the system with the differential pulse signals demodulation, it can be concluded that the system can achieve a spatial resolution of 0.2m. It meets the high spatial resolution requirements for dam health monitoring and is of great significance in the field of distributed Brillouin fiber optic sensing applications.
KEYWORDS: Demodulation, Temperature metrology, Spatial resolution, Pulse signals, Frequency response, Data processing, Time-frequency analysis, Signal detection
Traditional Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) generally uses frequency scanning to obtain the Brillouin gain spectrum. And the measurement speed of the sweeping frequency (SF) method is slow, usually on the order of minutes. In this paper, the mechanism of rapid BOTDR measurement based on sloped-assisted (SA) technology is analyzed, the measurement frequency of SA-BOTDR is theoretically calculated, and the system scheme is proposed and designed. Through experimental research, the temperature measurement range of the system is 25°C~70°C at the end of the 203m sensing fiber. The temperature measurement accuracy is 1.38°C, the spatial resolution is 1.21 m, and the measurement frequency is 11.49 Hz.
In order to monitor the safety of the whole cable in real time and effectively, this study introduces and adopts distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) technology as the method of cable safety monitoring. A variety of statistical results are used as the basis for judging the running state. Not only does the whole system have no blind zone of safety monitoring, but also provides accurate alarm information and fast response, which enables managers to deal with faults timely and avoid heavy losses. Therefore, the DTS technology has a high promotion value in the field of cable safety monitoring.
In this paper, we introduce our recent progress in resolution improvement of distributed temperature sensors by employing narrow pulse laser and wideband avalanche photoelectric detector (APD). The narrow pulse laser generates the light pulse with 4 ns with at its half maximum, which represents 40 cm spatial resolution. the wideband APD is employed to acquire the backscattering light at Raman wavelength and meet the need of spatial resolution of the narrow pulse laser. High spatial resolution is attributive to narrow pulse width, but also leads to the deterioration of the signal to noise ratio of demodulated temperature curve. Thus the APD with both high sensitivity and wideband width is employed to achieve high SNR and high spatial resolution. Temperature tests were taken out to evaluate the performance of proposed sensor. Results showed that the performance of our proposed spatial resolution enhanced distributed temperature sensor could achieve the temperature error of 1.2°C, temperature resolution of 0.49°C, sensing length of 1 km and spatial resolution of 0.5 m.
The pumped-storage power station is affected by external forces and environmental erosion during its long-term service, thus causing serious safety accidents and economic losses. In order to avoid casualties and reduce economic losses, longterm health monitoring of the power station is necessary. Optical fiber sensor is one potential technology for the pumpedstorage power station structural health monitoring (SHM) by measuring distributed strain and temperature. In this paper, the dam construction site of the Liaoning Qingyuan Pumped Storage station is installed with the optical fiber sensors to monitor its temperature change during concrete cure process. The distributed temperature at four sides of the panel are recorded and compared. Temperature change due to curing process as well as energy interchange between the top and bottom of the panel is revealed by the optical fiber measurements. It is therefore verified that fiber optical sensor is complement for dam temperature monitoring and is well suited for the identification of energy interchange insides the dam panels.
The application of distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing technology in dam health monitoring is mainly studied in this paper. In the dam health monitoring system, the key technology is real-time deformation monitoring. Firstly, the principle of Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) is introduced. A long-term on-line monitoring scheme of dam strain is proposed based on the distributed Brillouin sensing technology. The scheme includes cable layout and strain test. In the test, a 200m single-mode optical cable is selected. Firstly, the center frequency shift data of the whole optical cable is measured, when the displacement load is set to 0 mm, which is used as the test reference of strain variation. Then, the 2m length of the middle part of the optical cable is stretched to perform large amplitude tensile tests and shrinkage tests. The displacement loads are 2mm, 4mm, 6mm, 8mm and 10mm respectively. Next, small amplitude tensile tests and shrinkage tests are performed. The displacement load is 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm respectively. Analysis of test data shows that, the strain measurement range of the scheme can reach ± 4500με, the resolution of the scheme can reach 20 με. The results prove that the distributed fiber Brillouin sensor system can realize the long-term on-line distributed measurement of dam strain, which meets the requirements of the dam strain monitoring. It provides an effective means for dam health monitoring and protection, and a strong support for large-scale structural health monitoring with distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing.
KEYWORDS: Global Positioning System, Safety, 3D scanning, Laser applications, Optical fibers, Optical sensing, Data modeling, Data acquisition, Sensors, Laser scanners
Deformation monitoring is an important content of dam safety monitoring. This article firstly introduces the origin and development process of dam safety monitoring. Dam deformation monitoring is then reviewed. Artificial dam deformation monitoring technologies including tension line method, alignment method, forward intersection method, traverse method, positive and negative vertical line method, geometric leveling method and hydrostatic leveling method, as well as automatic dam deformation monitoring technologies including measuring robot, photogrammetric technology, global positioning system (GPS), three-dimensional laser scanning technology and fiber optic sensing technology are discussed by comparing their principles, advantages and disadvantages. Main problems of current dam deformation monitoring procedure are summarized. Based on that, the development trends in dam deformation monitoring are finally predicted.
In this paper, we introduce an optimal peak search strategy of Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) and denoising method of central wavelength of BGS based on Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) system. The system utilizes both up shifted and down shifted continuous-wave light to generate Brillouin scattering light, while using the amplified pulsed light to boost the signal by stimulated Brillouin scatting effect. In order to obtain an accurate strain change of fiber under test (FUT), the peak of each Brillouin scattering spectrum must be accurate and precise. In addition, the intensity of shifted light should be stable as well. Therefore, we propose a novel peak search algorithm of BGS of a BOTDA system, which keeps the right central wavelength even if the scan step of the frequency is in large condition. Besides that, we also proposed a time domain denoising method to enhance the signal to noise ratio. We also implement static experiments to verify our proposed scheme. Strain/temperature tests were taken out evaluate the performance of the BOTDA. Results showed that the resolution of BOTDA system could reach 13με/0.65°C at 1 km fiber cable.
The application of distributed optical fiber sensing technology in nuclear island safety monitoring is mainly studied in this paper. The anti-radiation ability of the system is an important index. The distributed optical fiber system in this paper is designed with a special anti-radiation optical fiber. The temperature of power supply cables and other facilities in the nuclear island containment can be distributed monitored in full period in real time. Radiation tests are carried out to validate the anti-radiation performance of the system. 60Co is used as a gamma ray radiation source to generate continuous pulses with an average energy of 1.25 MeV. The rate of radiation dose is 1800 Gy/h and the total radiation dose is 1950 Gy. The anti-radiation ability of anti-radiation optical fiber and common optical fiber is compared. It is proved by tests that common optical fiber sensor has great fiber loss in radiation environment, about 0.5dBm, and the loss is decreasing continuously. Anti-radiation optical fiber has little fiber loss in radiation environment, about 0.12 dBm, and the loss tends to be saturated. During the radiation test, the temperature measurement performance of the distributed optical fiber sensing system using anti-radiation optical fiber and the one using common optical fiber is tested in real time. The results show that the anti-radiation distributed optical fiber sensing system performs well in the whole process, which meets the requirements of temperature monitoring for 1339.2 Gy total radiation dose in the refueling cycle of nuclear island.
Considering the shortcomings of the traditional security technology system, such as poor stability, limited installation environment, high false alarm and missing report rate, this paper proposes a hanging fiber detector and video monitor system for perimeter security based on Michelson Interference Technology, and carries out functional test in the oil terminal of Petrochina Company Limited. In this system, an ordinary single-mode communication optical cable is arranged along the top of the fence in wavy shape. When the intruder climbs or turns over the fence, the system triggers the alarm event and emits an alarm. Then the high-speed dome camera will be controlled to turn and shoot the location of the invasion through the network video recorder and network switch. In the functional test, the system has realized climbing alarm, knocking the wall alarm, multi-point simultaneous intrusion alarm, false alarm learning, broken fiber alarm and other functions, which has better sensitivity, lower false alarm rate and better learning function compared with the products based on Sagnac principle and double MZ principle.
In this paper, we introduce an optimal bias voltage searching strategy and maintaining method in BOTDA system based on dual sideband modulation. The system utilizes both up shifted and down shifted continuous wave light to generate Brillouin scattering light, while using the amplified pulsed light to boost the signal by stimulated Brillouin scatting effect. In order to obtain a clean Brillouin shifted curve along the fiber under test, the probe light must be in good signal to noise ratio. In addition, the intensity of shifted light should be stable as well. Therefore, we propose a novel control method of frequency shift in sideband modulation of a BOTDA system, which keeps the first order frequency-shifted light at its maximum signal to noise ratio and minimum light intensity fluctuation. We also implement static experiments to verify our proposed scheme. Strain/temperature tests were taken out to evaluate the performance of the BOTDA. Results showed that the resolution of BOTDA system could reach 13με/0.65°C at 50 km fiber cable with spatial resolution of 0.5m.
An algorithm of Rayleigh noise compensation in dual-end configured distributed temperature sensor (DE-DTS) is proposed in this paper. A 2 km long multi-mode fiber is used to calculate the attenuation of the light within Anti-Stokes and Stokes bandwidth, and figure out the isolation of the wavelength division multiplex through both Anti-Stokes channel and Stokes channel. Experiments are taken out to validate the proposed Rayleigh compensation algorithm. As a result, the Rayleigh noise in both Anti-Stokes component and Stokes component is compensated, and the temperature error of the dual-end configured distributed temperature sensor is revised. With the help of the proposed algorithm, a dual-end DTS can reach to the absolute accuracy of 1.09°C (RMSE) between 180°C to 300°C, which significantly monishes the temperature error compared to the sensor without Rayleigh noise compensation.
In order to monitor and position the leakage of the heat network in real time effectively, this study introduces and adopts distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) system as the method of heat network leakage monitoring. The temperature change rate is used as the basis for determining the operating state. Not only does the whole system have no blind zone of leakage monitoring, but also provides accurate alarm information and fast response, which enables managers to deal with faults timely and avoid heavy losses. Therefore, the DTS system has a high promotion value in the field of heat network leakage monitoring.
In this study, distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) system is used as the method of monitoring the temperature field inside the thermal storage tank. On the basis of a practical engineering application, the temperature field characteristics inside the thermal storage tank is obtained and analyzed when the thermal storage and heating system operates. The results show that the distributed fiber temperature sensing system is convenient to construct and build, and it can provide effective data support for the evaluation and design of the thermal storage and heating system.
Distributed optical fiber temperature sensing system (DTS) is a sensing technology for real-time sensor of spatial temperature field distribution. The technology is based on Raman scattering and optical time domain reflection (OTDR),, and is composed of a demodulation host and a temperature sensing cable. The system obtains the ground temperature field change through the temperature sensing cable, calculates the geothermal energy replenishment amount and the recharge rate, and determines the recovery of the geothermal field after heating. It provides according to setting the allowable amount of geothermal energy to be mined and ensuring the long-term sustainable operation of the geothermal heating system.
Oil storage tank is an important facility for oil production and refining. This paper presents a fire monitoring system for oil storage tank based on distributed optical fiber temperature sensing system(DTS), and demonstrates the laying method for both routing fiber and temperature sensing fiber. This system can realize real-time distributed temperature monitoring on the perimeter of secondary sealing ring of oil storage tank and has various alarm mechanisms. The system has been installed and tested in Shikong oil transportation station of China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC) in Gansu, China. Through the actual test results, the feasibility and advantages of the distributed optical fiber temperature measurement for oil storage tank are verified and the temperature accuracy of the system is better than 1°C.
KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Temperature metrology, Signal attenuation, Backscatter, Temperature sensors, Data acquisition, Cesium, Sensing systems, Pulsed laser operation
Numerical assessment of temperature uncertainty of Raman-based distributed temperature sensor is taken out in this paper. The sensing system utilized a modified loop-configuration to avoid stimulated Raman scattering and wavelength dependent loss. The experimental results show that the temperature accuracy reaches 0.74°C (RMSE) between -65°C to 300°C with 2 km fiber under test.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.