Blood glucose level is an important parameter for doctors to diagnose and treat diabetes. The Near-Infra-Red (NIR)
spectroscopy method is the most promising approach and this involves measurement on the body skin. However it is
noted that the skin temperature does fluctuate with the environmental and physiological conditions and we found that
temperature has important influences on the glucose measurement. In-vitro and in-vivo investigations on the temperature
influence on blood glucose measurement have been carried out. The in-vitro results show that water temperature has
significant influence on water absorption. Since 90% of blood components are water, skin temperature of measurement
site has significant influence on blood glucose measurement. Also the skin temperature is related to the blood volume,
blood volume inside capillary vessels changes with skin temperature. In this paper the relationship of skin temperature
and signal from the skin and inside tissue was studied at different finger temperatures. Our OGTT (oral glucose tolerance
test) trials results show the laser signals follow the skin temperature trend and the correlation of signal and skin
temperature is much stronger than the correlation of signal and glucose concentration. A finger heater device is designed
to heat and maintain the skin temperature of measurement site. The heater is controlled by an electronic circuit according
to the skin temperature sensed by a thermocouple that is put close to the measurement site. In vivo trials were carried out
and the results show that the skin temperature significantly influences the signal fluctuations caused by pulsate blood and
the average signal value.
In this paper we investigated the NIR absorption spectrum of aqueous glucose by using a FTIR spectrometer after
glucose solution passing through a permanent magnetic field. When glucose solution flows through the permanent
magnetic field, some of the aqueous glucose molecules are magnetized and glucose absorption is enhanced in the NIR
range of 1000-2500nm. The experimental results show that glucose absorbance in its combination region and first
overtone region is increased when the permanent magnetic field is introduced into the experiment. The increment of
absorbance in first overtone region is greater than that in combination region.
Regular monitoring of blood sugar level is important for the management of diabetes. The Near-Infra-Red (NIR)
spectroscopy method is a promising approach and this involves some form of contact with the body skin. It is noted that
the skin temperature does fluctuate with the environment and physiological conditions and the temperature has an
influence on the glucose measurement. In this paper, in-vitro and in-vivo investigations on the temperature influence on
blood glucose measurement were studied. The in-vitro results from FTIR spectrometer show that sample temperature has
significant influence on water absorption, which significantly affects the glucose absorption measurement. The in-vivo
results show that when skin temperature around the measurement site is taken into consideration, the prediction of blood
glucose level greatly improves.
We used neural network for blood glucose level determination in this study. The data set used in this study was collected
using a non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system with six laser diodes, each laser diode operating at distinct near
infrared wavelength between 1500nm and 1800nm. The neural network is specifically used to determine blood glucose
level of one individual who participated in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) session. Partial least squares regression
is also used for blood glucose level determination for the purpose of comparison with the neural network model. The
neural network model performs better in the prediction of blood glucose level as compared with the partial least squares
model.
KEYWORDS: Glucose, Blood, Near infrared, Semiconductor lasers, Calibration, Optical fibers, In vivo imaging, Human subjects, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Diodes
In the event of diabetes clinicians have advocated that frequent monitoring of a diabetic's blood
glucose level is the key to avoid future complications (kidney failure, blindness, amputations,
premature death, etc.,) associated with the disease. While the test-strip glucose meters available in
current consumer markets allow for frequent monitoring, a more convenient technique that is
accurate, painless and sample-free is preferable in a diabetic's daily routine. This paper presents a
non-invasive blood glucose measurement technique using diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR)
signals. This technique uses a set of laser diodes, each operating at fixed wavelengths in the first
overtone region. The NIR signals from the laser diodes are channeled to the measurement site viz.,
the nail-bed by means of optical fibers. A series of in vivo experiments have been performed on eight
normal human subjects using a standard Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) protocol. The
reflected NIR signals are inputs to a Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithm for calibration and future
predictions. The calibration models used are developed using in vivo datasets and are unique to a
particular individual. The 1218 paired points collected from the eight test subjects plotted on the
Clarke Error Grid, revealed that 87.3% of these points fall within the A zone while the remainder,
within the B zone, both of which, are clinically accepted. The standard error of prediction was
±13.14mg/dL for the best calibration model. A Bland-Altman analysis of the 1218 paired points
yields a 76.3% confidence level for a measurement accuracy of ±20mg/dL. These results
demonstrate the initial potential of the technique for non-invasive blood glucose measurements in vivo.
In this paper, the non-invasive measurement of blood sugar level was studied by use of near infrared laser
diode. The in-vivo experiments were carried out using laser diodes with wavelength 1625nm and 1650nm.
Several volunteers were tested before and after drinking glucose solution. We took blood from a fingertip and
measured its concentration with a glucose meter while taking signal voltage from laser diode system. The
signal voltage was processed by using a computer and blood absorption was obtained. The results show that
blood sugar level and blood absorption have similar trends before and after drinking glucose solution. We also
compared the trends of drinking glucose solution and pure water and the results show that the difference of
blood absorption is obvious. From the results we can see that laser diode is suitable for blood glucose
monitoring.
The non-invasive measurement of blood sugar level was studied by use of near infrared laser diodes. The in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out using six laser diodes having wavelengths range from 1550 nm to 1750nm. Several volunteers were tested for OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) experiment. We took blood from a fingertip and measured its concentration with a glucose meter while taking signal voltage from laser diodes system. The data of signal voltage were processed to do calibration and prediction; in this paper PLS (Partial Least Square) method was used to do modeling. For in vitro experiment, good linear relationship between predicted glucose concentration and real glucose concentration was obtained. For in vivo experiments, we got the blood sugar level distributions in Clarke error grid that is a reference for doctors to do diagnosis and treatment. In the Clarke error grid, 75% of all data was in area A and 25 % was in area B. From the in vitro and in vivo results we know that multiple laser diodes are suitable for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.
For some non-invasive measurement on human skin surface or fingernail, the information of dermis is useful and usually the epidermis or fingernail disturbs the light signal that carries information of dermis. In this paper, a two-layered media model was developed to simulate human finger. The first layer simulates the epidermis or fingernail and the second layer simulates dermis and tissue under dermis. A beam of light normally hits on the two-layer model, some photons travel through the first layer and return to the surface, some photons travel through the first and the second layers and then return to the surface. The light from the first layer is defined as noise and the light from the second layer is defined as signal. The intensity distributions of light from the first layer and the second layer were experimentally studied on the model surface. The distribution of SNR on the surface was obtained and the results show that there is an optimal source-detector distance where the SNR is greater than that at other source-detector distance. The results are useful for non-invasive measurement on skin.
In this study properties of diffuse light from a spherical media embedded in an infinite media was investigated. Light that migrates through the spherical media is considered as signal and light that does not propagate through the spherical media is considered as noise. The analytical solution of SNR (signal to noise ratio) was derived with diffusion theory. The spatial distributions of the fluence rate were analyzed and the contours of signal to noise ratio were obtained as light source was put in different positions. The relationship between the source detector separation corresponding to maximum SNR and light source position was discussed, which is helpful to determine an appropriate measurement position. The results acquired in this paper are useful for ultrasound-modulated optical tomography and tissue imaging with diffuse photon density waves.
KEYWORDS: Photons, Blood circulation, Monte Carlo methods, Capillaries, Light scattering, Scattering, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Particles, Motion measurement
The velocity of capillary blood flow is an important parameter to diagnose some diseases. In this paper, a model was set up to non-invasively measure the capillary blood flow using diffusing temporal light auto-correlation. This method is independent of the direction of blood flow. The distance between the light source and the detector was discussed in order to obtain high SNR (signal to noise ratio). The influences of the Brownian motion and the random flow of scatterers on the auto-correlation of diffusing light were analyzed with Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show that the characteristic correlation time exponentially decays as the mean-squared velocity of capillary blood flow increases, which is useful for medical diagnosis.
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