KEYWORDS: Laser countermeasures, High power lasers, Light emitting diodes, Signal to noise ratio, Digital signal processing, Receivers, Phase shifts, Pulsed laser operation, Laser scattering, Signal processing, Metals, Laser applications, Polymers, Signal detection, Laser systems engineering
Laser jamming has two forms: passive and active jamming. In this paper we compare between the passive, active and passive-active deception techniques from the functional point of view. Passive jamming techniques are used with highly absorptive or diffusive materials on the body of the equipment. These passive techniques decrease the intensity of the reflected laser pulses and hence decrease SNR. Active jamming techniques are used to deceive and puzzle laser receivers. A high energy pulse with delay time is transmitted with each reflected pulse then the receiver will confuse between the two pulses. Active jammers need higher energy pulses to provide high jammer to signal ratio. In this paper we will compare received pulses using passive technique only, active technique only and passive-active technique. We use Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser source with wavelength of 1064 nm, energy of 80 mJ, pulse width of 200 μs and repetition rate 10-20 Hz. The intensity of the incident laser pulse is reduced by a factor of 80 % using an absorptive material, at the same time an electronic circuit receives the laser pulses and use it to trigger high-power LEDs with the same laser wavelength that make phase shift and signal distortion to the received pulses. The results show that the passive-active technique is the optimum one and solve the two disadvantages of each passive and active technique as individual. It decreases the reflected signal amplitude and hence the jammer to signal ratio can be obtained with lower power sources and increases the complexity for the DSP-based systems.
The conventional method used to detect an underwater target is by sending and receiving some form of acoustic energy.
But the acoustic systems have limitations in the range resolution and accuracy; while, the potential benefits of a laserbased
underwater target detection include high directionality, high response, and high range accuracy. Lasers operating
in the blue-green region of the light spectrum(420 : 570nm)have a several applications in the area of detection and
ranging of submersible targets due to minimum attenuation through water ( less than 0.1 m-1) and maximum laser
reflection from estimated target (like mines or submarines) to provide a long range of detection. In this paper laser
attenuation in water was measured experimentally by new simple method by using high resolution spectrometer. The
laser echoes from different targets (metal, plastic, wood, and rubber) were detected using high resolution CCD camera;
the position of detection camera was optimized to provide a high reflection laser from target and low backscattering
noise from the water medium, digital image processing techniques were applied to detect and discriminate the echoes
from the metal target and subtract the echoes from other objects. Extraction the image of target from the scattering noise
is done by background subtraction and edge detection techniques. As a conclusion, we present a high response laser
imaging system to detect and discriminate small size, like-mine underwater targets.
Knowledge of heat transfer in biological bodies has many diagnostic and therapeutic applications involving either raising or lowering of temperature, and often requires precise monitoring of the spatial distribution of thermal histories that are produced during a treatment protocol. The present paper therefore aims to design and implementation of laser therapeutic and imaging system used for carious tracking and drilling by develop a mathematical algorithm using Hilbert transform for edge detection of photo–thermal imaging. photothermal imaging has the ability to penetrate and yield information about an opaque medium well beyond the range of conventional optical imaging. Owing to this ability, Q- switching Nd:YAG laser at wavelength 1064 nm has been extensively used in human teeth to study the sub-surface deposition of laser radiation. The high absorption coefficient of the carious rather than normal region rise its temperature generating IR thermal radiation captured by high resolution thermal camera. Changing the pulse repetition frequency of the laser pulses affects the penetration depth of the laser, which can provide three-dimensional (3D) images in arbitrary planes and allow imaging deep within a solid tissue.
The light interaction with tissue is governed by the specific wavelength of the laser used and the optical properties of
target tissue. Absorption, scattering and fluorescence together can probably be used as the basis of quantitative
diagnostic methods for teeth caries. The absorption coefficient of human teeth was determined from detached wet
teeth (incisors and premolars). Laser absorption of these teeth was measured using compact blue laser source at
wavelength of 457 nm and a high resolution spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere. The average
absorption coefficient of abnormal caries tissue of human teeth is observed to be higher than the normal ones.
Detection and diagnosis of caries tissues were monitored by high resolution translational scanning of human teeth.
We have a powerful tool to diagnosis a caries region of human teeth using blue laser at 457 nm. Ablations of caries
region are investigated using higher power of blue laser at 457 nm.
We present a method for the noninvasive determination of the size, position, and optical properties of tumors in the human breast. The tumor is first detected by photothermal imaging. It is then sized, located, and optically characterized using designed digital image processing and edge-detection pattern recognition. The method assumes that the tumor is spherical and inhomogeneous and embedded in an otherwise homogeneous tissue. Heat energy is deposited in the tissue by absorption of near-infrared (NIR) Nd:YAG laser radiation, and its subsequent conversion to heat via vibrational relaxation causes a rise in temperature of the tissue. The tumor absorbs and scatters NIR light more strongly than the surrounding healthy tissue. Heat will diffuse through the tissue, causing a rise in temperature of the surrounding tissue. Differentiation between normal and cancerous tissues is determined using IR thermal imaging. Results are presented on a 55-year-old patient with a papillary breast cancer. We found that these results provide the clinician with more detailed information about breast lesions detected by photothermal imaging and thereby enhance its potential for specificity.
In this paper, a novel photo-acoustic technique modality utilizing a frequency- modulated Q-switch Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm
and coherent frequency domain signal processing is introduced for impulse and frequency responses of biological tissues. We
present a photoacoustic technique to monitor the temporal behavior of temperature and pressure in an excised sample of
human teeth after either a single laser pulse or during multiple laser pulses at pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) from 5 Hz to
100 Hz.
Knowledge of the dynamic characteristics of structural elements often means the difference between normal and abnormal
tissue. The determination of the resonance characteristics of structures is termed "modal analysis."
The results of our study suggest that it is possible to identify the impulse, frequency response and resonance modes of
simplified human teeth. This data provided a powerful tool to differentiate between normal and decay teeth.
We firstly investigate the mechanic and acoustic properties of human teeth by using the laser
generation of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique. The materials investigated included
normal and decayed teeth, which have the same grain size and different thickness, are used as
the samples. The tissue responds to the laser-induced stress by thermoelastic expansion. We
can obtain the shape of acoustic pulse and the phase velocity was determined for the teeth
system and extract information on the teeth thickness, density, and transverse sound velocity
that could be used as diagnostic parameters.
Time-resolved photothermal imaging has been investigated to characterize tooth for the purpose of
discriminating between normal and caries areas of the hard tissue using thermal camera. Ultrasonic
thermoelastic waves were generated in hard tissue by the absorption of fiber-coupled Q-switched
Nd:YAG laser pulses operating at 1064 nm in conjunction with a laser-induced photothermal
technique used to detect the thermal radiation waves for diagnosis of human tooth. The concepts
behind the use of photo-thermal techniques for off-line detection of caries tooth features were
presented by our group in earlier work. This paper illustrates the application of multivariate image
analysis (MIA) techniques to detect the presence of caries tooth. MIA is used to rapidly detect the
presence and quantity of common caries tooth features as they scanned by the high resolution color
(RGB) thermal cameras. Multivariate principal component analysis is used to decompose the
acquired three-channel tooth images into a two dimensional principal components (PC) space.
Masking score point clusters in the score space and highlighting corresponding pixels in the image
space of the two dominant PCs enables isolation of caries defect pixels based on contrast and color
information. The technique provides a qualitative result that can be used for early stage caries tooth
detection. The proposed technique can potentially be used on-line or real-time resolved to prescreen
the existence of caries through vision based systems like real-time thermal camera. Experimental
results on the large number of extracted teeth as well as one of the thermal image panoramas of the
human teeth voltanteer are investigated and presented.
Among diffusion methods, photothermal radiometry (PTR) has the ability to penetrate and yield information about an opaque medium
well beyond the range of conventional optical imaging. Owing to this ability, pulsed-laser PTR has been extensively used in turbid
media such as biological tissues to study the sub-surface deposition of laser radiation, a task that may be difficult or impossible for
many optical methods due to excessive scattering and absorption. In this paper considers the achievements of Pulsed Photothermal
Radiometry using IR camera in the investigation of physical properties of biological materials and the diagnostics of the interaction of laser radiation with biological materials. A three-dimensional heat conduction formulation with the use of three-dimensional optical
diffusion is developed to derive a turbid frequency-domain PTR model. The present photo-thermal model for frequency-domain PTR
may prove useful for non-contact; non-invasive, in situ evaluate the depth profilometric imaging capabilities of FDPTR in monitoring
carious and artificial subsurface lesions in human teeth.
In order to enhance cell culture growth in biosensors such as those for glucose detection must be developed that are capable
of monitoring cell culture processes continuously and accurate. Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) is
used to obtain cell images with nanometer level resolution by analyzing the interference pattern by the mixing of reference
and objective light to determine glucose concentration in doped double distilled water and create a glucose signature
spectrum in salt-sugar solution. We demonstrate ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of in
vitro biological cells and an improved deflection angle measurements formal and back projection method is used to
reconstruct the two-dimensional glucose concentration performs refractive index distribution. Slopes of OCT signals
decreased substantially and almost linearly with the increase of glucose concentration from 2.5 to 15 mg/dl. Phantom studies
demonstrated 1% accuracy of scattering- coefficient measurement. Our theoretical and experimental studies suggest that
glucose concentration can potentially be measured non-invasively with high sensitivity and accuracy with OCT systems.
This paper details the current techniques for the detection of caries using non-invasive techniques, A promising
option is tooth trans-illumination which is based on an increase of light scattering or light absorption in the
affected tissue region. In this study trans-illumination applied to detect microscopic caries lesions was investigated
using premolar teeth containing affected caries lesions. One line coincides with a carious absorption line, while
the other is used as a reference. By this referencing the system is auto-calibrated continuously. Normal and carious
human teeth were applied for the determination of NIR absorption by using a micro-spectrophotometer. Relative
NIR absorption value for normal tooth and for carious one distributed in different quantity relating to the tooth
structure, whereas the value showed much higher in enamel than in dentine. This paper suggests a way to use a
commercially available system, which has the capability to carious detection. It is based on photomechanical and
photothermal monitoring of teeth response. This technique is based on irradiation of the teeth with a short pulse
Nd:YAG laser (1064 μm, 12 ns) and monitoring the laser-induced local thermal effects. This is realized with
thermal imagers that locate the heated teeth absorbing zones. The photothermal (PT) image represents a two-dimensional
depth-integrated temperature distribution in the irradiated volume and correlates with the conventional
optical absorption coefficients. In addition to a description as to how each of the modalities function, consideration
is given to recent advances and changes in the relevant technologies, and a comparison of relative benefits and
shortfalls of the systems.
Thermal monitoring during laser-irradiated hard tissues is fundamental to enable real time feedback control and automated adjustment of laser power to maintain a constant, predetermined tissue
temperature. We present an experimental technique to produce thermal wave generated in human tooth by irradiation of a high power Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm, with variable pulse energy
in the range of 50-250 mJ/pulse providing laser fluences of 0.4-2 J/cm2 for the laser beam with diameter of less than 1 mm, and short pulse duration down to 100 μsec (or 0.1 ms) at FWHM. A comparison of the measured time-dependent thermal wave for normal and carious human tooth using infrared thermal detector is investigated, simultaneously we have measure the photoacoustic response of the sample using piezoelectric transducer. Calculations of the results demonstrate that the faster temperature decay is for caries one with higher thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity than the normal one. So the normal tooth has the largest absorption coefficient causing a purely surface heating effect, but for the carious one, the heat source resulting from the relatively low absorption coefficient does not resemble surface heating, but describes a heating effect extending some distance into the irradiated material. These results are in good agreement with the simultaneous measured photoacoustic response, so we can differentiate between the normal and carious ones.
A non contact all-optical method for surface photoacoustic is described. The surface acoustic waves were excited employing a ArF excimer laser in the 10 µm thin polyimide film and detected with a Michelson interferometer using 633 nm HeNe laser due to an active stabilization for interferometer a surface displacement of 0.2 A. could be detected used for the purpose of discriminating between normal and maligned tissue. The acoustic waves propagate several millimeters in the sample differentiating maligned areas from normal breast tissue samples which having different acoustic impedance.
Laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy (LIPS) can be used to measure trace-element concentration in materials, down to parts-per-million. In this paper we investigate the use of laser-induced photoacoustic response in carious teeth detection. First, we found the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of a wavelength of 1064 nm to produce detectable response in teeth. Then, we implemented two detection techniques using a piezoelectric transducer and Michelson Interferometer. The accurately detected response of a tooth sample by the piezoelectric transducer was analyzed using spectral analysis. However, in dentistry we do not necessarily mead an exact quantitative measurement; thus we designed a more physically realizable system that measures the acoustically-induced surface displacement using Michelson Interferometer.
Monitoring this surface displacement we were able to determine the physical and optical properties of the tooth sample which could be used as a basis in diagnostics. The responses obtained by both detectors were equally confined to the categorization of a carious tooth from a normal one.
Time-resolved photoacoustic imaging has been used to characterize Breast tissues for the purpose of discriminating between normal and Cancerous tumor areas of tissue. Ultrasonic thermoelastic waves were generated in Breast tissue by the absorption of nanosecond laser pulses at 193 nm produced by a frequency doubled Q-switched excimer laser in conjunction with an optical interferometer sensor was used to detect the thermoelastic and thermal waves. At 193 nm, differences in photoacoustic and photothermal signatures of normal tissue and Cancerous tumor were found to be highly enhanced. There was a clear and reproducible difference between the photacoustic and photothermal response of Cancerous tumor and normal tissue as a result of increased optical attenuation in Cancerous tumor. At 193 nm, the generation of subsurface thermoelastic waves provided a means of determining the structure and thickness of the tissue sample. The thermal waves provided a mean of determination the optical absorption of the tissue sample.
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