Micro-vibration or displacement measurement is very important in modern industrial fields, especially for the
micro electrical and mechanical system (MEMS). An optical fiber sensor was proposed to measure the micro-vibration or displacement based on a novel fiber Bragg grating pair, in which one of the
gratings is written in the fiber cladding and the other is written in the fiber core, however the positions of the two grating are staggered. Because the reflection spectrum of this structural grating is much sharper than that of ordinary grating, the special reflection spectrum of the fiber Bragg grating pair is used, resulting in a high measurement sensitivity. Theoretical analysis of the fiber Bragg grating pair and micro-vibration or displacement measurement principle with the experimental setup (Micro-vibration is measured by this grating pair, while this grating pair is demodulated by ordinary grating) are introduced in this paper.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a useful noninvasive technique for monitoring chemical composition in liquid. The resolution capability of photoacoustic methods is limited due to the low absorbance factor of some liquid. To increase effective absorbance distance of laser beams, two novel photoacoustic cell structures are introduced, in which multi-beam photoacoustic sources are produced respectively by zigzag reflection and inner-circle reflection of a single incident laser beam. Approximate surface acoustic waves can be produced in the two cell structures. The mathematical models are also labored, which can provide preliminary simulation results. Using which, A conclusion can be drawn that the acoustic pressure produced by the zigzag reflecting multi-beam acoustic source can reach at about 500 times than that produced by single-beam source with same incident laser power. A rough estimate can also be made that with a large number of reflecting, the acoustic pressure produced by the inner-circle reflecting multi-beam source can easily reach 50 times than that produced by single-beam source with same incident laser power.
Two novel content meters for liquid refractive index or concentration measurement are proposed based on the simple reflex fiber optic sensor configurations. One sensor exploits a reflex and concentrically arranged fiber probe structure which is very similar to the traditional intensity-modulated fiber optic displacement sensors, but the light captured by receiving fibers is modulated by the varied solute concentration, being in proportion to the liquid refractive index, instead of displacement. The other sensor works based on detecting the edge shift of the reflected light spot, which is modulated by the refractive index variation of the liquid. Theoretical analysis and simulations are carried out with the measurement range of refractive index from 1.0 to 1.5.
A novel tilt measurement method is proposed based on self-demodulated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system, which consists of a couple of matched FBGs and a cantilever-based pendulum clinometer. With a cantilever structure, the tilt angle is measured by means of a differential form of Bragg wavelength shifting, with which the cross-sensitivity of temperature is eliminated simultaneously. It has been proved by both simulations and preliminary experimental results that a high resolution better than 0.0022 degree can be achieved in the range of +/-10 degrees.
Water content measurement technologies are very important for quality inspection of food, medicine products, chemical products and many other industry fields. In recent years, requests for accurate low-water-content measurement in liquid are more and more exigent, and great interests have been shown from the research and experimental work. With the development and advancement of modern production and control technologies, more accurate water content technology is needed. In this paper, a novel experimental setup based on near-infrared (NIR) spectral technology and fiber-optic sensor (OFS) is presented. It has a good measurement accuracy about ∓ 0.01%, which is better, to our knowledge, than most other methods published until now. It has a high measurement resolution of 0.001% in the measurement range from zero to 0.05% for water-in-alcohol measurement, and the water-in-oil measurement is carried out as well. In addition, the advantages of this method also include pollution-free to the measured liquid, fast measurement and so on.
Monitoring of water quality is essential to modern life. Not only is it a major factor in safeguarding public health, high quality freshwater is also a key input in agriculture and many industrial process. A preliminary prototype for hydrogen peroxide content in water is setup and introduced. Based on the detection of beam deviation due to the refractive index changes of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, hydrogen peroxide content can be measured by a position-sensitive detector. Measurement principle is theoretically described. Experimental results indicate the feasibility of the developed system. Not like intensity-modulated refractive index sensor which necessitates a stable light source, this sensor exploits the beam deviation due to optical refraction at the receiving end face of the measurement cell, which is caused by changes in refractive index with different hydrogen peroxide content in water. Hydrogen peroxide content measurement resolution can reach about 0.01% within the measurement range from distilled water to hydrogen peroxide content of 30%.
High-pressure measurement is made by demodulating Bragg grating peak splitting caused by transverse stress differences in the core of a high-birefringence (HB) single-mode fiber, which is bonded on the exterior surface of a free active element bulk modulus. The two orthogonally polarized signals reflected from the HB fiber Bragg grating (FBG) can be independently detected with a simple FBG interrogation system, which is based on the light intensity measurement method. In addition, the cross-sensitivity of the FBG sensor can be self-compensated by this method. The measurement principle is introduced, and preliminary experimental results indicate that the measurement sensitivity is estimated to be ~12 pm/N in a linear measurement range from 0 to 120 N.
KEYWORDS: Absorption, Near infrared, Optical filters, Fiber optics sensors, Sensor technology, Pollution, Error analysis, Liquids, Temperature metrology, Process control
Based on near-infrared spectral absorption and fiber-optic sensor technology, an experimental setup for low-water-content measurement of crude oil is developed. The advantages of this method include fast measurement, high accuracy, keeping the measured oil free of pollution, and being suitable for long-term on-line continuous monitoring. This technology can be used for those applications that require high-quality water-in-oil measurement and process control. The measurement resolution for water content is better than 0.005% in the range from zero to 2% by volume. Measurement errors are estimated to be ±0.01% in the range from zero to 1%.
Experimental setup of a reflex dual-differential sensor for salinity measurement is developed. The sensor exploits the beam deviation due to optical refraction at the receiving end face of the measurement cell, which is caused by changes in refractive index with different concentration of salt water. With the help of a right-angle reflecting prism and in the presence of a referenced distilled water cell with an inclined optical window, optical differential measurement of incident beam deviations is implement, and the deviation caused by changes in salinity will be detected by a PSD with an electrical differential signal processing technique. Experimental setup and measurement principle are discussed. Salinity measurement based on this method avoids the influences by intensity fluctuation of the incident light and temperature drift. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the estimated salinity measurement resolution can reach 0.02 ‰ depending on the performance of PSD.
Based on the reflective principle, a new kind of laser and fiber optic sensor system was proposed and designed based on the formidable on-site operation conditions with the temperature over 700 degree(s)C, the abominable electromagnetic interference and the hard mounting problems. The optical fiber sensor is a total fiber fabric which has the high performance for high-temperature, very good insulating property. It is particularly suitable for those special accessions and conditions that conventional sensors are difficult to apply. Because of the superiorities of this kind of sensor such as simple structure, convenient to use, and the high measurement accuracy, there is an attractive application foreground on the turbine and other complex measurement problems. The measurement principle of the optical fiber sensor and its structure was described. The compensation technique for the thermal radiation and variation of the light power was proposed. The preliminary experimental results showed that the measurement range of the gap can reach 5 mm and the measurement resolution was better 0.01 mm. The operating temperature was about 700 - 10 degree(s)C, and rotational speed was 3,600 turn per minute.
Modulated principles of various intensity-based sensors and their industrial applications are presented in this paper. We also presented a novel fiber optic sensor with a special construction like a spoke and the sensor was composed of a single mode emitting fiber as well as eight multimode receiving fibers. This special construction can compensate the light fluctuation and reflectivity variation of the measured surface. What's more, with the novel arrangement of the receiving fibers, it can also improve the slope impact in case of the sensor is used to measure the value of spatial height of a surface. Thus, it can be used to measure a complex surface contour with a fairly good resolution and sensitivity. The preliminary experiments were made to verify the practicability and reliability. The estimated local and vertical resolutions can reach 8 micrometers and 0.1 micrometers , respectively. This sensor system was applied to measure a MJ thread and small shoulder height. The conclusion is made that the developed sensor is suitable for complex surface shape measurement with higher speed, higher accuracy, and can be very good used in industrial application.
Optical fiber interference target flowmeter. In this paper theories of the flowmeter and its damper are demonstrated, the structure of the damper is given. Experiments have been done to study the relationship between damping index and clearance, relationship between clearance and viscosity under a fix damping index, relationship between damping index and viscosity under three kinds of clearance. The experimental results showed that the designed damping system could slow down deformation speed of a cantilever used in flowmeter and, furthermore, slow down the drifting speed of interference fringes. This will cut down cost of the interference flowmeter.
The demand for incorporating sensor technology into the production environment is being driven by the increasing need to minimize manufacturing costs whilst simultaneously producing parts of high quality. A novel simple fiber-optic sensor based on the light beam reflection principle was presented for slopes measurement. With the optical probe arrangement like a wheel, the emitting single-mode finer (SMF) as the axle and eight receiving multi-mode fibers (MMF) as the spoke, the sensor can detect the surface slopes with two- coordinate as well as the offsets of displacement measurement can be compensated. The mathematical models were established based on the ABCD Law of Gaussian beam transmission matrix optics and in the case of paraxial approximation. Simulations were performed for verifying the proposed idea, and the preliminary experimental results were obtained and its performance coincided with the simulation. The resolution of slopes test was better than 0.02 degree over +/- 30 degree, and the displacement measurement vertical resolution stayed within 0.1 micron, the lateral resolution can reach 8 micron. And with the further development of this method, it can be absolutely used in complex surface measurement in Reverse Engineering.
The characteristics of MJ internal threads used for aerospace products are introduced in this paper. The mathematical models and the design of a novel fiber-optic sensor for non-contact quantification test on MJ internal threads are presented. As to the feasibility of the sensor head, the theoretical analysis is given, and the experimental results agreed with them. The resolution the sensor developed can reach 0.1 micrometer when used to measure reference planes. And for the MJ internal thread measurement, the estimated uncertainty was around plus or minus 25 micrometer.
The reflective fiber-optic sensing is a well-known method, and widely applied both to displacement measurement and pressure measurement. Although this type of sensor has many advantages, the sensitivity of the sensor is liable to be affected by several sources of error: the variation in the intensity of the light source, the changes in the reflectivity of the target and other error sources. A new compensation method is described in this paper. It provides a useful method to compensate the effects of the error sources listed above. The sensor works with two fibers arranged perpendicularly to the reflecting surface. One is Y model with three ends, one of which is coupled with a laser diode so that the light from it can reach the reflecting surface through the second end, another end is used for receiving. The other fiber put near the Y model fiber is a typical one for receiving. The two received intensities do division, the ratio of them is a function of the distance D between the measuring end and the target, it is independent on the characteristics of the light source and the target reflectivity. Many experiments have been done to test this conclusion, the resolution of this sensor can reach 0.01 micrometer.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.