We created and measured properties (the Verdet constant, absorption coefficient, thermooptical constants Q and P relevant to thermally induced depolarization and thermal lens effect) of promising magneto-optical Terbium-Aluminium Garnet (TAG) and Terbium-Hafnium Pyrochlore (THP) ceramics. It is shown that TAG ceramics made by solid-state reaction sintering has smallest absorption coefficient and could work as magnetooptical element in Faraday Isolator (FI) with a kW-class laser power providing 30 dB isolation ratio. So, TAG based Faraday rotators can be successfully used in laser system with high average and peak power.
A concept of compact, scalable and reliable solid-state amplifier based on thin slab is proposed. It combines the following features: single pass pump and signal propagation without internal reflections; use of a gradient doped thin-slab AE; beam guiding effect pre-compensation. The direct passage of the radiation allows to obtain a high quality of the beam (M2⪅1.4). Thin slab geometry and gradient doping provide excellent heat dissipation and low heating (30 °C at 500 W pumping power). The amplification of stretched and pre-amplified femtosecond radiation reached 3.6 (with input of 6 mJ) at a pump power of 500 W, so output energy was 22 mJ at 1.5kHz. A further increase in the output energy is possible according to calculations, up to 100 mJ, which is limited by the breakdown threshold of the output end at a pump power of 1 kW.
At present, Faraday isolators (FIs) working with high power laser radiation mainly use terbium gallium garnet (TGG) crystals as media for magneto-optical elements. High optical quality TGG crystals are commercially available, however it has several disadvantages: a large thermally induced lens and relatively high level of thermally induced depolarization. Therefore, at present, there are attempts to create a magnetoactive media that would replace TGG: the most promising media are TSAG, KTF and NTF crystals and also TAG ceramics. We propose to use cerium fluoride (CeF3) crystal, which is uniaxial, but superior to TGG in thermo-optical characteristics.
CeF3 crystal is known for a long time, as found in nature in the composition of various minerals (fluorite, tisonite). More recently, it began to be used as a fast, high radiation hardness scintillator. Cerium Fluoride is a good scintillation crystal with high density and short decay time. Its high Verdet constant and paramagnetic nature of rotation have been known from the 30s of the 20th century. Another important advantage from the viewpoint of using this material in high-power laser systems is a possibility of producing large-aperture (up to ~10 cm) optical elements from CeF3. In this respect CeF3 surpasses most of the magneto-active crystal media. For example, the largest aperture of a TGG single crystal with quality fit for producing an FI is only 40 mm. The CeF3 crystal is transparent in a wide range of visible and near IR wavelengths (300-2500 nm) and has a high Verdet constant in this area whereas the TGG crystal becomes optically nontransparent starting from ~1.4 mm. At radiation wavelength of λ=1 µm, the Verdet constants of TGG and CeF3 are almost equal (37 and 36.7 rad/T/m respectively), which ensures an equal length of crystals, and they can be replaced one by one in FI.
We measured the thermally induced depolarization and thermal lens in this crystal. When the radiation power approaches 1 kW, the dependence of thermally induced depolarization on laser power becomes quadratic and almost coincides to the analogous dependence for the TGG crystal with absorption coefficient of 1.5*10-3 cm-1. However the thermal lens induced in CeF3 has a 6.5 lower optical strength for the same laser beam parameters.
We created a Faraday isolator on CeF3 using a magnetic system with a field strength of 2.8 kOe. The crystal length was 8 mm. Up to a power of 700 W, the degree of isolation was no worse than 30 dB; it was practically independent of laser power and was determined by the quality of the crystal. It should be noted that the uniaxial nature of the crystal imposes restrictions on the divergence of the laser beam, which should not exceed 8 mrad to maintain the degree of isolation.
The mentioned advantages together with the feasibility of producing large-aperture elements allow us to conclude that the CeF3 crystal is promising for developing FIs for high-power laser systems.
Dependence of thermally induced depolarization on the diameter of the laser beam and the ratio of the length of the optical element to its diameter is investigated experimentally and numerically. The conditions under which the thermal depolarization depends on the diameter of the beam for face-end and side heatsink are determined. Numerical modeling is supported by experimental results.
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