Shahidul Alam, Aman Anand, Md Moidul Islam, Rico Meitzner, Aurelien Sokeng Djoumessi, Josef Slowik, Zekarias Teklu, Peter Fischer, Christian Kästner, Jafar Khan, Ulrich Schubert, Frédéric Laquai, Harald Hoppe
Here, we studied the influence of pre- and post-thermal annealing on the performance of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells using the conventional architecture, comprising a conjugated polymer, namely, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and a fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) as a photoactive layer. The non-annealed active layer device exhibited a power conversion efficiency of <1 % , which was significantly lower than the pre- and post-annealed devices. To investigate the impact of pre- and post thermal annealing on the natural morphological state of the polymer, regiorandom (P3HT-I) and regioregular (P3HT-II) type P3HT were compared in photoactive layers. In general, P3HT-I is amorphous, whereas P3HT-II is semi-crystalline. Changes in solar cell performance were associated with changes in carrier extraction efficiencies influenced by the annealing conditions. The charge photogeneration processes were investigated using spectroscopic techniques, including electroluminescence, steady-state, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Finally, to explore the morphological changes upon annealing, atomic force microscopy and electroluminescence imaging measurements were performed on films and solar cells, respectively.
Solution-processed metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received immense attention in the field of photovoltaic research due to their outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has surpassed 24% in a relative short time. Understanding carrier losses at metal halide perovskite/charge transport layer interfaces is a pre-requisite to bring the efficiency closer to the Shockley-Queisser limit. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is a vital tool to study such a processes and specifically interfacial recombination can accessed through these measurements, and further in-sights into losses associated with the open circuit voltage Voc are gained. Transient spectroscopy techniques will be used to unravel the dynamics of processes limiting the photoluminescence quantum efficiency and thus the Voc. Employing both transient photoluminescence and transient absorption techniques, enables differentiation be-tween various recombination processes. Here we study the impact of the different hole transport layers, namely, PDPP-3T, NiO and PTAA hole transport layers and reveal the charge carrier recombination. We report the direct observation of hole extraction and carrier recombination dynamics of mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite layers interfacing with a polymeric hole transport layer: PDPP-3T. The dynamics of the ground state bleach of the polymer, which directly reveals the hole extraction and re-combination at the perovskite/polymer interface. The perovskite hole mobility was found to be 3.08 cm2 V-1 s-1. To gain further insight into the hole extraction dynamics, we vary the thickness of the perovskite film. We observe that the hole extraction time is slower with increasing the perovskite thickness following optical excitation from the perovskite side. Mimicking the device architecture via introducing an electron transport layer to the perovskite/PDPP-3T stack resulted in slower carrier recombination dynamics due to decreased charge carrier recombination in the perovskite.
KEYWORDS: Solar cells, Internal quantum efficiency, Perovskite, Luminescence, Terahertz spectroscopy, Quantum efficiency, Time resolved spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Diffusion, Probability theory
Internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is a key parameter determining solar cell power conversion efficiency. While reported IQEs of metal-halide perovskite solar cells are often close to one, the contributions of photoluminescence reabsorption (PLr) and surface recombination (SR) to IQE has not been elucidated. In this work, both effects are examined by photoluminescence spectroscopies and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). Then PLr rate and SR velocity are extracted from TRTS kinetics by diffusion theory. At last a model is proposed to calculate the carrier-collection probability and discuss contributions of PLr and SR on the IQE.
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