This paper reports a methodology for the design of a segment transmitter for indoor spaces based on optical fibers with different geometric parameters. The segment transmitter made this way aims to simulate the characteristics of a typical VLC transmitter. The article deals with the possibilities of using optical fibers with the possibilities of lighting and communication using the visible spectrum. Design options are studied using a 3D software model, which is then verified using real measurements. A POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) with a large numerical aperture and a core diameter of 550 μm is used to construct the segment transmitter.
This contribution describes a solution leading to a higher quality of university study due to the student integration into the activities of the company that creates at the university laboratory. The main benefit is the fact that there is a personal union between people teaching in the laboratory and company employees. This union leads to close cooperation among professors and future engineers both in laboratories during the solution of measurements tasks in optical communications and fiber sensors applications and sw projects and practice during the solution of complicated commissions. These students are obtaining knowledge and skills that is impossible for them to obtain during a typical university study. At the same time, the respect of professors and other teaching people is rising in students because they can see them working. The company is then able to employ the best students as future employees.
TThe paper discuss about aging of the passive optical couplers in their burdened high temperature. The article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks in environment with higher temperature. It addresses issues of accelerated aging of optical fiber components in their burdened with high temperature. How does temperature influence on optical network elements? It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur. This article is devoted experimental measurement of the impact of temperature loading on the geometrical parameters of optical beam of SM optical FBT couplers. In the paper there are compared couplers of different manufacturers and same dividing ratios of output power 1:8. Optical passive component were continuously exposed to temperature 95°C for long time period. Measurements are focused on the parameters of geometry of optical beam. Graphical and mathematical detect changes in the dissemination of energy coupler after long lasting dose of temperature loading are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated aging elements of optical networks in environments with an higher temperature.
The paper discuss about aging of the optical couplers in their burdened high temperature. The article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks in environment with higher temperature. It addresses issues of accelerated aging of optical fiber components in their burdened with high temperature. This article is devoted the impact of temperature loading on the SM optical FBT coupler with 8 branches. Optical passive component were exposed to temperature 95 °C for 433 hours. Measurements are focused on the parameters of geometry of optical beam. The detect changes are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated ageing elements of optical networks.
This article is focused on the design of an all-fiber laser that was supposed to be used for simulating power load similar to the power load in backbone networks. The first part of the article is a brief introduction to the topic of lasers and erbium doped fiber amplifiers. The following parts present design of a fiber laser with ring cavity, and measuring the ideal length of a doped fiber and the split ratio of the output coupler. After proposing the first stage –a laser– we focused on the construction of the two following stages –EDFA preamplifier and EDFA amplifier. There were used fibers with various levels of erbium ion density, namely ISO-GAIN I6, and Liekki ER110-4/125. The resulting output power of the whole system was 320 mW. This value is sufficient when we take into account that we used only single-mode fibers with energy pumped directly to the fiber core. The output wavelength of the whole laser system was 1559 nm.
This paper deals with problematic of Free Space Optical (FSO) Links. The theoretical part describes the effects of atmospheric transmission environment on these FSO connections. The practical part is focused on the creation of an appropriate experimental workplace for turbulences simulation (mechanical and thermal turbulences), fog effects and subsequent measurement of these effects. For definition how big impact these effects on the FSO system have is used the statistical analysis and simulation software Optiwave. Overall there were tested three optical light sources operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm, 850 nm and 1550 nm respectively. Influences of simulated atmospheric effects on the signal attenuation were observed. Within the frame of simulation in Optiwave software there were studied influences of attenuation on given wavelengths in form of FSO link transmission parameters degradation. Also for the purposes of real measurements it was necessary to fabricate an experimental box. This box was constructed with sizes of 2.5 and 5 meters and was used for simulation of atmospheric environment.
Nowadays, aging of the optical components is a very current topic. Therefore, some investigations are focused on this area, so that the aging of the optical components is accelerated by thermal, high power and gamma load. This paper deals by findings of the influence of the load by laser with high optical power on the transmission parameters of the optical coupler. The investigated coupler has one input and eight outputs (1x8). Load by laser with high optical power is realized using a fiber laser with a cascade configuration EDFA amplifiers. The output power of the amplifier is approximately 250 mW. Duration of the load is moving from 104 hours to 139 hours. After each load, input power and output powers of all branches are measured. Following parameters of the optical coupler are calculated using formulas: the insertion losses of the individual branches, split ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and cross-talk between different branches. All measurements are performed at wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Individual optical powers are measured 20 times, due to the exclusion of statistical error of the measurement. After measuring, the coupler is connected to the amplifier for next cycle of the load. The paper contains an evaluation of the results of the coupler before and after four cycles of the burden.
This paper deals with the aging of optical fibers influenced by temperature and radiation. There are analyzed changes in the structure of the optical fiber, related to the propagation of light in the fiber structure. In this case for numerical aperture. For experimental measurement was used MM fiber OM1 with core diameter 62.5 μm, cladding diameter 125 μm in 2.8 mm secondary coating. Aging of the optical fiber was achieved with dry heat and radiation. For this purpose, we were using a temperature chamber with a stable temperature of 105 °C where the cables after two months. Cables were then irradiated with gamma radiation 60Co in doses of 1.5 kGy and then 60 kGy. These conditions simulated 50 years aging process of optical cables. According to European Standard EN 60793-1-43:2015 was created the automatic device for angular scan working with LabVIEW software interface. Numerical aperture was tested at a wavelength of 850 nm, with an output power 1 mW. Scanning angle was set to 50° with step 0.25°. Numerical aperture was calculated from the position where power has fallen from maximal power at e2 power. The measurement of each sample was performed 10 hours after thermal and radiation aging. The samples were subsequently tested after six months from the last irradiation. In conclusion, the results of the experiment were analyzed and compared.
In this article the author’s team deals with using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) for Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications. In FSO communication occurs due to the influence of atmospheric effect (attenuation, and fluctuation of the received power signal, influence turbulence) and the WDM channel suffers from interchannel crosstalk. There is considered only the one direction. The behavior FSO link was tested for one or eight channels. Here we will be dealing with modulation schemes OOK (On-Off keying), QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (SIM) based on a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). Simulation software OptiSystem 14 was used for tasting. For simulation some parameters were set according to real FSO link such as the datarate 1.25 Gbps, link range 1.4 km. Simulated FSO link used wavelength of 1550 nm with 0.8 nm spacing. There is obtained the influence of crosstalk and modulation format for the BER, depending on the amount of turbulence in the propagation medium.
There are several parameters of the atmospheric environment which have an effect on the optical wireless connection. Effects like fog, snow or rain are ones of the effects which appears tendentiously and which are bound by season, geographic location, etc. One of the effects that appear with various intensity for the whole time is airflow. The airflow changes the local refractive index of the air and areas with lower or higher refractive index form. The light going through these areas refracts and due to the optical intensity scintillates on the detector of the receiver. The airflow forms on the basis of two effects in the atmosphere. The first is wind cut and flowing over barriers. The other is thermal flow when warm air rises to the higher layers of the atmosphere. The heart of this article is creation such an environment that will form airflow and the refractive index will scintillate. For the experiment, we used special laboratory box with high-speed ventilators and heating units to simulate atmospheric turbulence. We monitor the impact of ventilator arrangement and air temperature on the scintillation of the gas laser with wavelength 633 nm/15 mW. In the experiment, there is watched the difference in behavior between real measurement and flow simulation with the same peripheral conditions of the airflow in the area of 500 x 500 cm.
Nowadays, it appears that the optical components aging faster. Therefore, it is accelerate of the research of the aging of
the optical coupler by thermal stress necessary. This paper discusses finding of the influence of the thermal aging on the
basic parameters of the optical coupler. The examined coupler has one input and eight outputs (1:8). The process of heat
stress is carried out at 95°C in the electric drying oven where the coupler is loaded during the period of 120 hours. The
optical power at the input of the coupler and the output optical powers of the individual branches of the coupler are
measured after cooling to room temperature (approximately 25°C). The insertion losses of the individual branches, split
ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and cross-talk between individual branches are calculated using formulas.
Measurements are made at wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm. All optical powers are measured 20 times due to the
statistical exclusion of error of measurements. The coupler is loaded during the period of 120 hours again immediately
after measuring. Storing of the optical coupler in the drying oven is carried out so that is completely uniform heating of
all the parts. The coupler is turn around every 30 hours. The paper contains the exact procedure of measurement of
optical powers, which is followed by an evaluation of results. The results are shown for measurements before and after 5
cycles of heating.
The atmosphere is unstable and unpredictable environment, where are continual changes of the air refractive index. These changes cause fluctuation of optical power at the receiver site. The prediction of behavior of the atmosphere and effect of this behavior on the FSO link is very complicated or even impossible. Aim of this article is focused on statistical analysis of measured level signal RSSI of the FSO link and atmospheric properties measured by hydro-meteorological station. For measured data the statistical analysis tools were used. Next part of article is focused on determination of the linear regression model to calculate level of RSSI depending on the atmospheric properties. Two empirical equations are result for day and night time. These equations describe behavior of signal RSSI in 30 days interval. Finally, comparison of the obtained mathematical model with real measured data of RSSI was introduced for one week before and one week after the analyzed time interval.
In this article the author’s team deals with problems of modulation formats for Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications. FSO communications have high bandwidth, low signal attenuation, quick installation, security, unlicensed band and low cost. In FSO communication occurs due to the influence of atmospheric effect (attenuation, and fluctuation the received power signal, influence turbulence). Here will be dealing modulation schemes OOK (On-Off keying) and Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (SIM) based on a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). In which will studied their characteristic and effect of atmospheric influence on the received signal. This results in decreased Eye-Diagram, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). To evaluate the modulation formats in atmospheric turbulence is used simulation box with heat and wind sources.
The paper discuss about accelerated ageing of optical fiber elements in their burdened with gamma radiation. In addition to the destruction of coating materials, gamma radiation has its effect on the internal structure of the optical fiber. It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur.
This article contains experimental measurement of the impact of gamma radiation Cobalt-60 on the optical couplers of various split performance ratio. The couplers were exposed to gradually increasing doses of 60Co. Measurements are focused on the overall distribution of the energy in the core and cladding various branches of SM optical fiber couplers. This article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks since monitoring of ageing substantially contributes to its security. It addresses issues of accelerated ageing of optical fiber elements in their burdened with gamma radiation. How does radiation energy of gamma radiation influence optical network elements? This effect is explored just very little bit and is yet another unanswered question. In addition to the destruction of coating materials, gamma radiation has its effect on the internal structure of the optical fiber. It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur. This article contains experimental measurement of the impact of gamma radiation Cobalt-60 on the optical couplers of various split performance ratio. Optical passive components, couplers, were exposed to gradually increasing doses of 60Co. Measurements are focused on the overall distribution of the energy of LP01 mode in the core and cladding various branches of SM optical fiber couplers. Graphical and mathematical detect changes in the dissemination of energy coupler after single doses of gamma radiation are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated ageing elements of optical networks in environments with an increased incidence of radiation energy. Keywords: 2-D view, 3-D view, coupler, gamma radiation, Cobalt-60, ageing, energy
Scientists have recently discovered that the ageing process of optical elements is faster than it was originally anticipated. It is mostly due to the multiple increases of the optical power in optical components, the introduction of wavelength division multiplexers and, overall, the increased flow of traffic in optical communications. This article examines the ageing process of optical couplers and it focuses on their performance parameters. It describes the measurement procedure followed by the evaluation of the measurement results. To accelerate the ageing process, gamma irradiation from 60Co was used. The results of the measurements of the optical coupler with one input and eight outputs (1:8) were summarized. The results gained by measuring of the optical coupler with one input and four outputs (1:4) as well as of the optical couplers with one input and two outputs (1:2) with different split ratios were also processed. The optical powers were measured on the input and the outputs of each branch of each optical coupler at the wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The parameters of the optical couplers were subsequently calculated according to the appropriate formulas. These parameters were the insertion loss of the individual branches, split ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and directionalities alias cross-talk between the individual output branches. The gathered data were summarized before and after the first irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:8 and 1:4. The data were summarized after the third irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:2.
Knowledge of optical fibers and fiber devices ageing is one of necessary conditions for successful applications of fiber communication systems into hard environmental surrounding and for application of fiber sensors. This paper deals with finding of typical ageing markers during the process of accelerated ageing. Basic fiber parameters as the attenuation, NA, Brillouin frequencies have been measured under higher temperature and fiber attenuation has been measured for gamma loading.
This article is dealing with an optical fiber refractive index design optimized for utilization in DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) measurements. Presented optical fiber uses wavelength of 850 nm for communication purposes and 1060 nm for sensory operation. The aim of this work is to design an optical fiber with redistribution of the optical field at 850 nm similar to communication multi-mode optical fiber 50/125 μm and for wavelength of 1060 nm the redistribution of the optical field will be shifted closer to the core-cladding boundary to increase its sensitivity to temperature. Optical properties obtained from fiber design are compared with standard multi-mode optical fiber with graded refractive index to ensure that new optical fiber design has better sensing characteristics, but still keeps good enough communication properties at the same time.
This article is dealing with evaluation of air turbulences in uence on the laser beam in the simulation box with regards to change of beam polarization state. For measurement the laser optical source LDM1550 operating at 1550 nm and polarimeter PAX5710 were used. The laser source was placed in front of simulation box that served for generation of stable turbulent environment. The simulation of turbulent environment was generated by high-speed ventilators PMD1212PMB1-A. The thermal turbulences were created by Empire CTH-5000 and Solac TH 8325 heaters. All heaters were placed along the side of simulation box. With the help of polarimeter and detector PAN5710IR3 were then subsequently recorded changes of polarization state of the optical beam with regards to changes of turbulence condition within the box. The results are then discussed and interpreted with the help of statistic methods in the end of the article.
During recent years, there has been rapid development in optical networks. This includes not only fiber optical networks but also free space optical networks. The free space optical networks can be divided into indoor and outdoor ones. The indoor free space optical networks have been experiencing dramatic progress in the last years, allowed by the newest IEEE norm 802.15.7, which enabled development of different types of transmitter receivers, modulation formats, etc. The team of authors is dealing with software design of segment optical transmitters for an indoor free space optical network based on the multi-mode optical 50/125 or 62.5/125 μm fiber. Simulated data are then evaluated from the point of view of optical intensity uniform distribution and space spot light size radiating from segment optical transmitter.
Nowadays, the conventional light sources are replaced progressively evolving LED (Light Emitting Diode) for their deficient properties. This technology recorded dynamic growth mainly due to effective research in increasing power density and choice the color shade on good color rendering CRI (Color Rendering Index). This extending the zone of used LEDs. Development of lighting technology by means of white power LEDs provided impulse to the idea of the development of optical wireless data networks based on optical radiation in the visible region of the spectrum VLC (Visible Light Communications). In the last years being recorded a turnover of research from transmission of information via optical fiber to the transmission of information through wireless networks. At the same time the concept of information transmission by indirect sight between transmitter and receiver NLOS (Non Line of Sight) is changing. Line of research focuses mainly on the direct line of sight LOS (Line of Sight). This is due to the development of the semiconductor lighting through the white power LED. This is connected with the idea of using them as a transmitter for communication purposes. This article deals with software design of optical link for indoor wireless optical network in LightTools software. Optimal optical source was designed for communication using LED as the first. For the proposed type of LEDs sources were used different shapes and distances distribution between LEDs in a single cell at the designed optical transmitter.
This paper is dealing with problems and possibilities of RFoG (Radio Frequency over Glass) technology deployment into the new generation optical access networks. Passive optical networks (PON) offer, except high bit rate, also a very wide range of applicability for various traffic data services. These services can be combined with different transmission technologies. The one of the most important needs upon these networks is also their backward compatibility with older analog technologies. The experimental part is devoted to broadcasting of RFoG through the designed PON networks and experimental measurements, using objective methods. The conclusion of this article is focused on the evaluation of individual measurements and considering of the feasibility of RFoG technology deployment in practical utilization.
This paper is dealing with design of new type of optical transmitter that is composed of bundle of optical fibers. For design purposes multimode fibers with different dimensions 50/125 and 62.5/125 µm were used. Software designs consisting of 3 or 5 optical fibers in bundle were subsequently evaluated from the point of view of uniform optical intensity distribution and dimensions of light pattern in space.
Next-generation passive optical access networks come to the fore nowadays. These optical next-generation networks are
the response to the increasing qualitative requirements from end users. Technologies using Time Division Multiplexing
include NG-PON (XG-PON 1 and XG-PON 2) and 10GEPON. Their advantage is the applicability to older topologies,
which are operated by the original technology of passive optical access networks. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) is an alternative also belonging to next-generation networks. Time Division
Multiplexing is in this case replaced by Wavelength Division Multiplexing. Certain variants of WDM-PON use a
combination of broadband light source, optical circulator, optical phased array and tunable FP laser. Construction of the
terminal units (ONU) is advantageous because it can always tune in to the appropriate wavelength in the given optical
DWDM channel (100 GHz). The disadvantage is the increased security risk on the primary layer due to channel crosstalk
in an optical phased array (AWG). The aim of this paper is to assess the degree of security risk in real conditions. The
article includes both simulation and real measurements in C + L bands with 100 GHz DWDM spacing.
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