While there are many variations of an Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS) spectrometer, the figure of merit is often the energy resolution and the throughput. As part of the LCLS-II-HE project, the DXS team is developing a hard X-ray IXS spectrometer with a resolution of 5 meV at 11.215 keV. The spectrometer relies on a so-called post-sample-collimation scheme, and this high degree of resolution comes with stringent precision and stability requirements. SHADOWOui is used to simulate the setup and analyze the tolerance of 4 optics’ axis (translation, pitch, yaw, roll) and the miscut angle of the channel-cut crystal of the design. The simulation indicates that a 5 meV resolution is achievable by ensuring stringent pitch and vertical translation tolerances. Furthermore, the simulation suggests that a miscut angle of 77 degrees, which necessitates high-quality crystal manufacturing, is optimal.
The goal of the dual KB mirror system for the CXI beamline of the LCLS-HE upgrade is to realize both micro-focusing and nano-focusing functions over a photon energy range of 7-21 keV. This system consists of two pairs of bendable mirrors with the length of 1 m. The dynamical range of the mirror bending is up to 104 due to the fine adjustment of the focusing length to 1 mm over a 10 m range. The prefigured shape and the width profile of each mirror are optimized to have good performance for both functions.
With the nearly full spatial coherence of X-ray free electron lasers comes unprecedented requirements on the precise figure of X-ray mirrors. For example, the Time-resolved AMO Instrument (TMO) requires a bendable Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system in order to produce a range of focus spot sizes, while maintaining nm-level figure error across the corresponding range of elliptical shapes. Here we describe the process of TMO KB mirror characterization using optical metrology, the detailed comparison with at-wavelength wavefront sensors during instrument commissioning, and the implementation of an automatic focusing system that ties together the wavefront sensor output with the mirror bender controls.
The LCLS-II HE Project includes the upgrade of the x-ray beam transport line for DXS, CXI and MFX, which requires an additional 10 bendable mirror systems. For meeting the project demand, the LCLS Metrology Laboratory has added another set of instrumentation to perform stitching measurement using a Zygo 6” DynaFiz (Fizeau interferometer). Prior to the upgrade, the lab has one stitching setup for measuring horizontally facing mirrors, up to 1.5 m long. This new setup enables the measurement of vertically facing mirrors up to 1.2 m long. The measuring systems allow the incorporation of environmental logging as well as control of mirror mechanics such as bender actuators. This means the lab can manipulate two mirror systems and perform the measurements simultaneously, independently and fully automatically. The performance and repeatability of the new instrumentation will be presented. An example measurement of a pair of LCLS mirrors will be discussed.
The focusing mirrors for the new LCLS soft x-ray (SXR) experimental hutches are tangential pre-shaped mirrors mounted in a Kirkpatrick Baez configuration. The mirrors are prefigured with an elliptical profile, coinciding with the longest working focal distance. The mirrors are equipped with benders to enable focusing of the beam at different experimental stations and to work out of focus with an uniform beam. To add complexity to the system, the mirrors are also water-cooled and need to fit in a very tight space, due to real estate limitation.
For ensuring that the mirror profile is maintained at its sub-nm quality after the assembly of the mirror into its cooling and mechanical system, these mirrors need to undergo an extensive optics metrology study. The vertical and horizontal KB mirrors are first checked for twist error due to the mounting of the mirror substrate to its mechanics. This is measured with grazing incidence Fizeau interferometry. Then the mounted mirror needs to be shimmed to correct for any errors that may be caused by gluing of the mirror. This step requires a sequence of shimming and metrology measurement and must be repeated until the mirror shape is satisfactory.
In addition, the mirror bender response function must be well-characterized and documented for the commissioning as well as operation of these mirrors in the experimental hutches. The response function can be attained by measuring the mirror profile using the instruments available in the LCLS Optics Metrology Laboratory and the stitching techniques developed at LCLS. The mirrors are scheduled to be installed in the new SXR beamline in spring 2020. Metrology data and initial commissioning results proving the performance of these wavefront preserving optics will be presented in this report.
An ongoing collaboration among four US Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories has demonstrated key technology prototypes and software modeling tools required for new high-coherent flux beamline optical systems. New free electron laser (FEL) and diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR) light sources demand wavefront preservation from source to sample to achieve and maintain optimal performance. Fine wavefront control was achieved using a novel, roomtemperature cooled mirror system called REAL (resistive element adjustable length) that combines cooling with applied, spatially variable auxiliary heating. Single-grating shearing interferometry (also called Talbot interferometry) and Hartmann wavefront sensors were developed and used for optical characterization and alignment on several beamlines, across a range of photon energies. Demonstrations of non-invasive hard x-ray wavefront sensing were performed using a thin diamond single-crystal as a beamsplitter.
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is undergoing an upgrade to a double source setup to provide eight experimental hutches (five existing and three new) with either high-repetition or high-intensity pulses and highly coherent X-ray beams. The photon transportation and distribution to each hutch relies on, among other elements, bendable mirrors. Given the coherence of the LCLS source, and to avoid introducing wavefront distortions beyond workable limits, the mirrors need to have extremely smooth surfaces, with a figure compliant with the nominal profile (usually elliptical). The effectiveness and the accuracy of the bending system and of the actuators over the entire length of the mirror (up to 1.2 m) need to be assessed by an appropriate metrology system. Long Trace Profilometry (LTP) is a suitable technique to characterize a slightly-curved surface mirror profile with very high sensitivity, provided that the optomechanical system implementation enables sensitivity and accuracy values compatible with the mentioned surface quality requirements. In this paper, we show the status and performance of the LTP under development at LCLS. The LTP essentially consists of an advanced optical head that endows a laser beam with sharp interferential features to increase its resolution and detects the optical lever of the beam reflected by the sample, plus a high-precision gantry system (Q-Sys) for accurate scanning of the mirror under test, under impact of its bending mechanics and cooling system. The measured results are compared to the simulated performance of the LTP, and we show the way of the oncoming improvement of the instrument.
Nine bendable mirrors will be installed as part of the upgrade to Linac Coherent Light Source. To achieve the target performance, accurate elliptical shapes must be generated with these focusing mirrors to an accuracy in the order of 104 to 105. We briefly summarize the developmental work including surface metrology via stitching and actuator characterization as well as fitting algorithm to achieve shape control of a KB developmental prototype. The height error of the centerline shape generated by the current system is in the order of 3 nm for a one meter long silicon mirror. The most important limiting factor is metrology due to environmental control.
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a US Department of Energy Office of Science X-ray facility operated by the Stanford University, is being upgraded with a second source to provide eight beamlines (five existing and three under construction) with either high-repetition or high-intensity pulses and highly coherent X-ray beams. The photon transportation and distribution to each beamline relies on, among other elements, elliptically- bendable mirrors, often in Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) configuration. One of the crucial tasks in beamline design and performance prediction is the self-consistent simulation of the final point spread function of the complete optical system, simultaneously accounting for diffractive effects, mirror deformations, and surface finishing defects. Rather than using ray-tracing routines, which cannot manage diffractive effects, and rather than employing the first-order scattering theory, which cannot be applied when the optical path differences exceed the radiation wavelength, a wavefront propagation formalism can be used to treat all the aspects at the same time. For example, the WISE code, initially developed for astronomical X-ray mirrors at INAF-OAB, and subsequently used to simulate X-ray reflective systems at the Fermi light source, is now a part of the well-known OASYS simulation package. In this paper, we extend the model to a two-dimensional imaging and show performance simulations of two elliptical mirrors to form a complete Kirkpatrick-Baez system
With the onset of high power XFELs and diffraction limited storage rings, there is a growing demand to maintain sub nanometer mirror figures even under high heat load. This is a difficult issue as the optimum cooling design for an optic is highly dependent on the power footprint on the mirror, which can be highly dynamic. Resistive Element Adjustable Length (REAL) cooling can be utilized to change the cooling parameters during an experiment to adapt for changing beam parameters. A case study of the new soft x-ray monochromator for the LCLS L2SI program is presented that utilizes this new capability to allow the beam to translate across the mirror for different operation modes, greatly simplifying the monochromator mechanics. Metrology of a prototype mirror will also be presented.
Along with the demanding requirements for the extreme limit pushing LCLS II project, comes the challenge in metrology work for qualifying the optical and mechanical components. Besides qualifying the components against specifications, it is also crucial to study performance, repeatability and stability of the mirror systems designed for meeting the LCLS II conditions. Therefore a dedicated metrology laboratory has been jointly funded by LCLS II project and LCLS facility.
The laboratory, located close to the experimental hall of LCLS, is currently equipped with a 6” Fizaeau interferometer (Zygo DynaFiz) and a Zygo NewView 8300 white light interferometer. A profilometer, hosting a Long Trace Profiler optic head, an autocollimator (Moller Wedel) and a Shack Hartman head (SHArPer, Imagine Optics), is under assembling.
The combination of these instruments will enable us to measure spatial periods from the µm scale up to 1.5 m. Further implementation in progress are the implementation of a stitching method for the 6” interferometer and reduction of environmental noise.
The results obtained from measuring 1-m long flat mirrors, with sub-nm shape errors, produced by Jtec, show a very high sensitivity of the interferometer. These results, as well as the results obtained in testing the bender prototype and some diffraction gratings, will be presented.
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