KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Statistical analysis, Image processing, Visualization, 3D image reconstruction, Image analysis, 3D vision, Inspection, 3D scanning
In this paper an optical triangulation system is used to perform the three-dimensional surface reconstruction of different textile fabrics for an objective evaluation of wrinkling. The system works by projecting a light stripe onto the surface of the fabric samples and according to the amount of wrinkling exhibited on them, the light stripe will suffer larger or smaller deviations. By moving the fabric samples relatively to the light stripe, a complete scan of the fabrics is achieved. This process leads then to the creation of 3D images of the fabrics on which it is possible to distinguish their topographic differences. With the collected data of the fabrics, it is also possible to calculate several parameters to evaluate the wrinkling quantitatively. As expected, both analyses considered in the current work are completely in agreement with the reference grades of the subjective wrinkling evaluation method.
KEYWORDS: Eye models, Eye, Visualization, Data modeling, Visual process modeling, Image quality, Spherical lenses, Statistical modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Surgery
In pseudophakia, the eye is unable accommodate so proximal objects can be properly focused. Achieving functional vision levels relies on individual anatomical features, notably, the pupil size. This study measured the range of pupil sizes found in a population of pseudophakes, for an object placed at different distances, and modeled the optical quality associated to pupil variation. The pupil size of 58 pseudophakic eyes (age mean ± standard deviation: 70.5 ± 11.3 years) was measured using a binocular eye-tracker. The participants observed on a monitor a circular white patch subtending 5° with a cross on its center. The object was placed at 3.0, 1.0, 0.66, 0.5, 0.4, 0.33 m. The pupil size variation as a function of object distance was modelled using a linear mixed effects model. The mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for a far object and the slope of the function, indicative of the proximal myosis. The effect of object distance on the image quality was modeled using a pseudophakic model eye for the pupil size data. The mean distance pupil sizes were 4.45 (95%CI: 2.74, 6.17) mm and the mean proximal myosis was -0.23 (95%CI: -0.53, -0.08) mm/D. The VA estimation for a distance object ranged from -0.1 logMAR for the smallest pupil to 0.08 logMAR and the near VA when mean myosis was considered ranged from 0.28 logMAR to 0.65 logMAR. These results support the importance of distance pupil size measurement for the prediction of visual performance in pseudophakia, while suggesting that myosis has a negligible impact in VA variability.
Digital holography is a growing field that owes its success to the provided three-dimensional imaging representation. This is achieved by encoding the wave field transmitted or scattered by an object in the form of an interference pattern with a reference beam. While in conventional imaging systems it is usually impossible to recover the correct focused image from a defocused one, with digital holography the image can be numerically retrieved at any distance from the hologram. Digital holography also allows the reconstruction of multiple objects at different depths. In a previous study, the benchmark of the main available image coding standard solutions JPEG, JPEG-XT, JPEG 2000 and the HEVC intra mode was performed for digital holographic data represented on the object plane. The HEVC intra main coding profile outperforms the other standards while JPEG 2000 results in very similar compression performance. In the current work, a scheme based on the HEVC intra mode codec for holographic information compression on the object plane is proposed. In the base layer, a 2D version of the object (amplitude information on object plane) is coded with HEVC intra main coding profile. Previously was observed that the phase information requires much higher bit rates than the amplitude information, as standardized codecs are not adapted for the compression of this type of information. In this paper we propose a model where the amplitude information is encoded with the HEVC intra mode codec, while the phase is represented by encoding the real information and the signal of the imaginary information. The real information is also encoded using the HEVC intra mode as it already revealed appropriate for compression of this type of information. The imaginary information signal is encoded with JBIG. The advantage of this scheme is that the amplitude information provides a direct 2D representation of the hologram while the phase information can be considered as a 3D enhancement layer. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state of the art in holography compression, while allowing compatibility with the current standards and direct 2D visualization.
Sinusoidal gratings of equal spatial frequency but different orientation require different levels of contrast to be detected by the human visual system. This phenomenon defined as oblique effect has a neuronal origin. The purpose of this work was to determine the neuronal magnitude of this effect, by isolating it from the optics of the eye. A visual interferometer was assembled to generate and project on the retina an interference pattern consisting of sinusoidal gratings with variable orientation (0º to 165º, 15º step). Adding background light to the interference pattern of 12 cycles/degree (cpd), different contrast levels were generated while the retinal illuminance was kept unaltered. A 2º circular stimulus was presented (during 500 ms) on the fovea producing a retinal illuminance of 134 Td (trolands). The contrast sensitivity threshold of four observers (ages 23, 33, 33, 52 years old) was determined using a Yes-No psychophysical method, and the 50% odds of correct response determined by a Weibull cumulative function. The four observers showed different contrast sensitivity thresholds dependent on the grating orientation. Oblique gratings (≈45º/≈135º) required more contrast to be detected than horizontal and vertical gratings. The maximum differences in contrast sensitivity between orientations ranged from 0.15 to 0.31 log units. The mean contrast threshold across all orientations was then calculated to investigate the effect of age on the contrast sensitivity. It was found a 0.046 log units decrease per decade (r=0.94). Oblique effect is an evident neuronal phenomenon with considerable inter-subject variability, making grating orientation important information in contrast sensitivity evaluation.
This work addresses the study of repeatability of an optical laser system, previously implemented by our research team, for characterization of the fiber distribution and mass density of two paper samples with different characteristics. In the experiment that has been carried out in the current work, both paper samples were laser scanned by the system on a total of 16 times (4 times per day in 4 different days). The data acquired and registered during the experimental work, associated to both tested samples, were then processed and the obtained results showed that the optical system is precise.
In this work, two optical systems previously designed and implemented by our research team, were used to enable the surface and bulk inspection of the ink-paper interaction by image analysis. Basically, the first system works by ejecting micro-liter ink drops onto the papers surface while monitoring the event under three different views over time. The second system is used for sectioning the paper samples through their thickness and to simultaneously acquire images of the ink penetration of each section cut. In the performed experiments, three black inks of different brands and a common copy paper were chosen, used, and tested with the two developed optical systems. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out at the surface level and in the bulk of the paper. In terms of conclusions, it was shown that the three tested ink-paper combinations revealed very distinct characteristics.
This work concerns the characterization of the fiber distribution and mass density of paper samples (extracted from paper sheets) using an optical laser system previously designed and implemented by our research team. To accomplish this task, the developed optical system was used to illuminate the paper samples with laser radiation, by opposite sides, while two image detectors captured images of the retro-diffused and transmitted laser radiation on each side of the paper samples. The captured images were then submitted to several processing routines to enable the assessment of the fiber distribution and mass density. In our experiments, two paper samples extracted from paper sheets of different characteristics were used. In terms of experimental work, the samples were both scanned with the system considering several points dispersed across their entire area, allowing the assessment of both parameters locally (for specific locations of the samples) and globally (considering the samples as a whole).
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Digital holography, Cameras, Sensors, Holography, Spatial frequencies, Digital recording, Transmittance, Information visualization, 3D image reconstruction
In this paper we present novel results on the reconstruction of stereoscopic information from a single phase-shift hologram captured using a 2:2 μm pixel-pitch CMOS camera in a holographic interferometer configuration. The low pixel-pitch camera allows the digitizing of holograms with a higher spatial-frequency than what has been reported in the literature, allowing the recording of macroscopic objects closer to the camera sensor. The reconstructed information can be visualized using 3D stereo glasses. From the perceived 3D we could identify several depth cues, including the occlusion effect which has not been easy to produce from single-aperture holography. The occlusion effect is also known to be difficult to produce from stereoscopic sources.
Abrasion is responsible for many surface changes that occur on garments. For this reason, the evaluation of its effects becomes very important for the textile industry. In particular, pilling formation is a phenomenon that results of the abrasion process and affects fabrics more significantly altering their surface severely. The present work presents a method based on optical triangulation that enables topographic reconstructions of textile fabric samples and
consequently, makes possible the evaluation and the quantification of the pilling formation that results from their topographic changes. Specific algorithms, written in the MatLab programming language, were developed and implemented to control the image data acquisition, storage and processing procedures. Finally, with the available processed data was possible to reconstruct the surface of fabric samples in three-dimensions and also, a coefficient to express the pilling formation occurred on the analyzed fabrics was achieved. Several tests and experiences have been carried out and the obtained results shown that this method is robust and precise.
Many paper mills use ultrasonic techniques to measure the Tensile Stiffness Index, TSI, of the paper sheet. They then assume that the TSI value is the same as the fibre orientation anisotropy. This is true if the paper is allowed to dry without any internal tension or elongation, but does not apply to paper manufactured in a paper machine. The paper machine introduces tension and elongation as soon as the fibre is placed on the forming fabric. These factors increase through the press section and are accentuated in the drying section. In order to uniquely measure the fibre orientation anisotropy on the surfaces, the proposed method uses replicas of both paper surfaces to produce a laser diffraction pattern. The obtained pattern reveals an elliptical shape, which is related to the fibre orientation anisotropy of the paper surface. By measuring the ellipticity of the diffraction pattern and the deviation with respect to the machine direction, one can quantify the fibre orientation distribution. Different papers from the bench market have been successfully tested with the developed system. This article describes the new developed optical system and its innovative capabilities in the field to produce maps of the fibre orientation of a complete paper sheet surface. A selection of the obtained results to prove its feasibility is also presented.
A high-resolution space-born Earth observation adaptive optic system contains a sensor of wave aberration in its exit pupil. The output signal of this sensor is used to minimize the aberration in such or other feedback loop. The complexity of known wave aberration measurement techniques stimulates the search of alternative methods, one of them being considered in this report. The proposed method of wave aberration measurement is comprised with the following steps: Taking the measurement of phase characteristic of the optical system based on the current Earth surface image analysis. Calculation of the unknown wave aberration function using the measured phase characteristic as an input data in Gerchberg and Saxton algorithm. The problems of the further investigation of that measurement technique are discussed.
The schlieren technique involves the manipulation of knife edges to limit the field of view in the image formation process. Practical implementation of this technique is not easy due to difficulties in positioning the knife edge in the optical system. A related problem concerns the reproducibility of an event to generate a series of schlieren images for different knife edge positions. A particularly successful method to overcome this problem is the use of the computer to generate such images from single pictures of the event. Computer generation of schlieren images involves the inverse Fourier transformation of the modified complex-valued diffraction pattern (magnitude and phase) of the event. Recording media in general respond only to light intensity and no difficulty is encountered in recording the intensity, and therefore the magnitude. The phase is either unobservable directly or cannot be determined anywhere nearly as accurately as the intensity. The Gerchberg and Saxton interative algorithm is used to recover the phase from records of intensity (magnitude) taken from the image and Fourier domains of the optical system. The knowledge of magnitude and phase in the Fourier domain (diffraction pattern) will enable us to modify it through a computer knife edge and generate the corresponding schlieren images.
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