Spectral reflectance in human skin tissue has been studied through Monte Carlo simulation using the Nine-layered skin tissue model. It is important to estimate absorption and scattering parameters of human skin tissue to know the condition of human skin. In this study, we investigated a method for estimating the absorption and scattering parameters by considering the effect of specific layers on the spectral band in the spectral reflectance database of human skin generated by Monte Carlo simulation.
Similarity in skin reflectance spectra with different combination of absorption and scattering conditions makes erroneous estimation of parameters for any measured spectrum through the database containing simulated spectra. In this study, such similar reflectance spectra are investigated by Monte Carlo simulation and phantom experiment.
To measure optically physiological condition inside skin tissue, it is important to estimate optical parameters in skin tissue. In this study, we investigated a method to estimate absorption and scattering parameters in skin tissue from the spectral reflectance database constructed by using Monte Carlo simulation with a nine-layered skin tissue model.
Human skin surface has unevennesses called sulcus cutis and crista cutis. It is known that these affect the light propagation in
human skin. In this study, we made a prototype of skin tissue phantom and investigated its spectral properties and problems
to be solved.
Skin surface texture has an influence on light propagation in tissue and changes the impression of the skin appearance. We use Monte Carlo simulation for estimating spectral reflectance in human skin. However, the simulation was made for parallel layered model having a flat surface. In this study, we investigated to use texture-added skin model in the simulation. We confirmed that a change of intensity distribution was found when the skin surface texture was changed.
Light propagation into human skin tissue is studied by using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) with the multi-layered skin tissue model. In this study, we analyzed light propagation in various internal conditions of skin tissue by calculating photon fluence based on Monte Carlo simulation. And we examined a method for quantitative evaluation on the depth and spread of light propagation in skin tissue.
There are sulcus cutis and crista cutis on human skin surface. It is known that these affect the light propagation in human skin. To investigate it experimentally, it is desirable to reproduce sulcus cutis and crista cutis in skin tissue phantom. In this study, we made a prototype of skin tissue phantom having a shape of sulcus cutis and crista cutis, and investigated its optical properties and problems to be solved.
To perform a contactless plethysmographic imaging, we investigated a method to estimate the concentrations of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in human skin tissue from RGB images, based on the Monte Carlo simulation.
We propose a method to visualize the arterial inflow, the vascular resistance, and the venous capacitance in the skin tissue from red, green, blue (RGB) digital color images. The arterial inflow and the venous capacitance in the skin tissue are visualized based on an increase in the rate of change in the total blood concentration and the change of the total blood concentration during upper limb occlusion at a pressure of 50 mmHg. The resultant arterial inflow with the measured mean arterial pressure also provides an image of the vascular resistance in human skin. The arterial inflow, the vascular resistance, and the venous capacitance acquired by the method are well correlated with those obtained from the conventional strain-gauge plethysmograph. The correlation coefficients R between the estimated values by the method and the measurements by the SPG are calculated to be 0.83 (P<0.001) for the arterial inflow, 0.77 (P<0.01) for the vascular resistance, and 0.77 (P<0.01) for the venous capacitance. The arterial inflow and the venous capacitance in the skin tissue are significantly higher in active subjects compared with the sedentary subjects, whereas the vascular resistance was significantly lower in the active subjects compared with the sedentary subjects. The results of the present study indicate the possibility of using the proposed method for evaluating the peripheral vascular functions in human skin.
In order to visualize human skin hemodynamics, we investigated a method that is specifically developed for the visualization of concentrations of oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, and melanin in skin tissue from digital RGB color images. Images of total blood concentration and oxygen saturation can also be reconstructed from the results of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Experiments using tissue-like agar gel phantoms demonstrated the ability of the developed method to quantitatively visualize the transition from an oxygenated blood to a deoxygenated blood in dermis. In vivo imaging of the chromophore concentrations and tissue oxygen saturation in the skin of the human hand are performed for 14 subjects during upper limb occlusion at 50 and 250 mm Hg. The response of the total blood concentration in the skin acquired by this method and forearm volume changes obtained from the conventional strain-gauge plethysmograph were comparable during the upper arm occlusion at pressures of both 50 and 250 mm Hg. The results presented in the present paper indicate the possibility of visualizing the hemodynamics of subsurface skin tissue.
Nine-layered skin tissue model is developed for Monte Carlo simulation of spectral reflectance. Various spectral
reflectance curves are generated by taking different values in five input parameters: scattering coefficient, absorption
coefficient, anisotropic scattering parameter, refractive index, and layer thickness in each of the nine layers. These curves
are then discussed to investigate spectral characteristics corresponding to change of values in the parameters. Using
appropriate values in such optical and geometrical parameters, simulated spectra can be produced to agree well with
measured spectra. This approach provides a flexible spectral fitting means to measured results and estimation of change
in the parameters in skin tissue.
We propose a novel method of skin image reconstruction based on color generation using Monte Carlo simulation of
spectral reflectance in the nine-layered skin tissue model. The RGB image and spectral reflectance of human skin are
obtained by RGB camera and spectrophotometer, respectively. The skin image is separated into the color component
and texture component. The measured spectral reflectance is used to evaluate scattering and absorption coefficients in
each of the nine layers which are necessary for Monte Carlo simulation. Various skin colors are generated by Monte
Carlo simulation of spectral reflectance in given conditions for the nine-layered skin tissue model. The new color
component is synthesized to the original texture component to reconstruct the skin image. The method is promising for
applications in the fields of dermatology and cosmetics.
We propose a method for imaging simultaneously blood flow and hemoglobin concentration change in skin tissue using
speckle patterns acquired at two wavelengths of 780 and 830 nm. Experimental results demonstrate that the method is
useful for time-varying analysis of blood circulation in human forearm skin tissue from one set of sequential speckle
images.
The arterial inflow and the venous capacitance in the human skin were visualized from the increase rate and the change
of total blood concentration derived from RGB images during upper limb occlusion at 50 mmHg-pressure.
A method is proposed for visualizing the depth and thickness distribution of a local blood region in skin tissue using diffuse reflectance images at three isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin: 420, 585, and 800 nm. Monte Carlo simulation of light transport specifies a relation among optical densities, depth, and thickness of the region under given concentrations of melanin in epidermis and blood in dermis. Experiments with tissue-like agar gel phantoms indicate that a simple circular blood region embedded in scattering media can be visualized with errors of 6% for the depth and 22% for the thickness to the given values. In-vivo measurements on human veins demonstrate that results from the proposed method agree within errors of 30 and 19% for the depth and thickness, respectively, with values obtained from the same veins by the conventional ultrasound technique. Numerical investigation with the Monte Carlo simulation of light transport in the skin tissue is also performed to discuss effects of deviation in scattering coefficients of skin tissue and absorption coefficients of the local blood region from the typical values of the results. The depth of the local blood region is over- or underestimated as the scattering coefficients of epidermis and dermis decrease or increase, respectively, while the thickness of the region agrees well with the given values below 1.2 mm. Decreases or increases of hematocrit value give over- or underestimation of the thickness, but they have almost no influence on the depth.
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