There is currently a desire to produce thinner LED backlights and frontlights so that the devices which use these components can be as thin and lightweight as possible. This is particularly true for smartphones and tablets both of which make extensive use of such components. The push for thinner devices may lead to situations in which the backlights are thinner than the height of the LED emitting area. This paper deals with the coupling of LEDs and thin light guides, describing some possible ways to efficiently inject light from a relatively large LED into a thinner backlight. These solutions use étendue-squeezing optics, and linear edges which allow high-efficiency light injection.
Surveillance, detection, and tracking of multiple high-speed projectiles, particularly bullets, RPGs, and
artillery shells, can help military forces immediately locate sources of enemy fire and trigger countermeasures. The
traditional techniques for detection and tracing of fast moving objects typically employ various types of radar, which has
inherently low resolution for such small objects. Fast moving projectiles are aerodynamically heated up to several
hundred degree Kelvin temperatures depending on the speed of a projectile. Thereby, such projectiles radiate in the Mid-
Infrared (MWIR) region, where electro-optical resolution is far superior, even to microwave radars. A new passive
electro-optical tracker (or PET) uses a two-band IR intensity ratio to obtain a time-varying speed estimate from their
time-varying temperatures. Based on an array of time-varying speed data and an array of azimuth/ elevation angles, PET
can determines the 3D projectile trajectory and back track it to the source of fire. Various methods are given to
determine the vector and range of a projectile, both for clear and for non-homogeneous atmospheric conditions. One
approach uses the relative intensity of the image of the projectile on the pixels of a CCD camera to determine the
azimuthal angle of trajectory with respect to the ground, and its range. Then by using directions to the tracked projectile
(azimuth and elevation angles of the trajectory) and the array of instant projectile speeds, PET determines the distance to
the projectile at any point on its tracked trajectory or its predicted trajectory backwards or forwards in time. A second
approach uses a least-squares optimization technique over multiple frames based on a triangular representation of the
smeared image to yield a real-time trajectory estimate. PET's estimated range accuracy is 0.2 m and the azimuth of the
trajectory can be estimated within 0.2°.
Development of a novel HCPV nonimaging concentrator with high concentration (>500x) and built-in spectrum splitting
concept is presented. It uses the combination of a commercial concentration GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 3J cell and a
concentration Back-Point-Contact (BPC) silicon cell for efficient spectral utilization, and external confinement
techniques for recovering the 3J cell's reflection. The primary optical element (POE) is a flat Fresnel lens and the
secondary optical element (SOE) is a free-form RXI-type concentrator with a band-pass filter embedded in it - Both the
POE and SOE performing Köhler integration to produce light homogenization on the receiver. The band-pass filter
transmits the IR photons in the 900-1200 nm band to the silicon cell. A design target of an "equivalent" cell efficiency
~46% is predicted using commercial 39% 3J and 26% Si cells. A projected CPV module efficiency of greater than 38%
is achievable at a concentration level larger than 500X with a wide acceptance angle of ±1°. A first proof-of concept
receiver prototype has been manufactured using a simpler optical architecture (with a lower concentration, ~100x and
lower simulated added efficiency), and experimental measurements have shown up to 39.8% 4J receiver efficiency using
a 3J cell with a peak efficiency of 36.9%.
Here we present a novel optical design of the high concentration photovoltaics (HPCV) nonimaging concentrator
(>500x) with built-in spectrum splitting concept. The primary optical element (POE) is a flat Fresnel lens and the
secondary optical element (SOE) is a free-form RXI-type concentrator with a band-pass filter embedded in it, both POE
and SOE performing Köhler integration to produce light homogenization on the target. It uses the combination of a
commercial concentration GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 3J cell and a concentration Back-Point-Contact (BPC) silicon cell for
efficient spectral utilization, and external confinement techniques for recovering the 3J cell's reflection. Design targets
equivalent cell efficiency ~46% using commercial 39% 3J and 26% Si cells, and CPV module efficiency greater than
38%, achieved at a concentration level larger than 500X and wide acceptance angle (±1°). A first proof-of concept
receiver prototype has been manufactured using a simpler optical architecture (with a lower concentration, ~100x and
lower simulated added efficiency), and experimental measurements have shown up to 39.8% 4J receiver efficiency using
a 3J with peak efficiency of 36.9%.
The XR-Köhler concentrator1 is a design that has the possibility to work under high concentration, maintaining the high
acceptance angle and high irradiance uniformity on the solar cell. It is an on-axis free-form design that consists of a
reflective (X) and refractive (R) surface. For a geometrical concentration of about 800x the simulated results show an
acceptance angle of ±1.79deg with high irradiance uniformity on the solar cell. This article shows the design results of
the XR-Köhler and also a novel passive cooling system (LPI patented) that keeps the solar cell operation temperature
under 100°C at extreme conditions (wind speed = 0 m/s, module tilt angle = 45deg and Ta = 50°C). The results of using
the XR-Köhler device as a collimator when the light source has very high non-uniform luminance distribution, i.e.
multichip LEDs, are also here presented.
LED light sources are finding ever increasing application in illumination. LEDs have many advantages, such as
high efficiency, long life, compactness, directional light emission, mechanical resistance, low-temperature
operation, light color control and low UV or IR emissions. These and other advantages make them very well
suited for general illumination applications as well as flashlights, car headlights, backlights, or frontlights. In most
applications, LEDs are combined with optics to direct their light output. Brighter LEDs have a smaller emission
area and, therefore, may be coupled to smaller optics. This is very important in many applications where
compactness is crucial, particularly automotive headlamps. When LED brightness is insufficient, it can be
augmented by recirculating part of the emitted light back to the LED's emitting surface. This increase in
brightness comes at the expense of a reduced flux-emission. As an example, the brightness of an LED with a
diffuse reflectivity of 70% may be increased by nearly that much if it is coupled to a high-efficiency recirculating
optic. Such augmentation, however, comes at the expense of a flux reduction, as much as 50%. Several optical
geometries are explored in this paper to achieve that recirculation together with raytracing results using on a
simple model of an LED. Also a number of optical architectures will be shown that escape the classical
nonimaging etendue limit associated with traditional optics.
Brightness enhancement of backlighting for displays is typically achieved via crossed micro prismatic films that are introduced between a backlight unit and a transmissive (LCD) display. Prismatic films let pass light only into a restricted angular range, while, in conjunction with other reflective elements below the backlight, all other light is recycled within the backlight unit, thereby increasing the backlight luminance. This design offers no free parameters to influence the resulting light distribution and suffers from insufficient stray light control. A novel strategy of light recycling is introduced, using a microlens array in conjunction with a hole array in a reflective surface, that can provide higher luminance, superior stray light control, and can be designed to meet almost any desired emission pattern. Similar strategies can be applied to mix light from different colored LEDs being mounted upside down to shine into a backlight unit.
In LED projection displays, total lumen-output equals the source-luminance multiplied by the etendue of the spatial light modulator, the latter being a bottleneck that cannot be overcome. In addition, the luminance of existing LED sources is still too low for many projection-display applications. This has spurred research into finding ways to increase their brightness without a significant loss in efficacy. Current techniques to increase LED source-luminance include: (a) a photonic lattice atop the LED, which partially collimates the exiting light though lowering the efficacy (by Luminus), (b) recycling the LED light through the chip via TIR on a flat cover rather than a dome (several LED suppliers), and (c) a light-confining box with an exit aperture smaller than the chip (GoldenEye). All the above mentioned existing approaches achieve an increase in luminance for the LEDs at the expense of a considerable drop in efficacy. In this paper we present four novel and different ways (patent pending) to considerably enhance LED luminance and offering the possibility of having relatively high efficacy.
Light from several LEDs or other light sources may be combined using light guides shaped as manifolds. These manifolds are composed of smaller elements such as CPCs, angle transformers, angle rotators, light shifters, light guides or others. Although some components, such as CPCs or angle transformers, have all-optical surfaces, other devices may be designed with non-optical surfaces. These may be used to place the injection gate in the case of injection-molded optics, to attach handles or holders and other non-optical components to the manifold without affecting the optical performance. Also, in some of these devices, the geometry can be changed by simple changes in the position of the curves that compose the optic profile. These optics may be applied in efficiently combining light from several LEDs into one single large source, changing the aspect ratio of a light source or in distributing light from one (or more) sources onto several targets.
A novel waveguide-optical integrator is introduced for applications to LEDs. The concept is based upon a Kohler illuminator made of Luneburg lenses. Typical Kohler illuminators are formed by pairs of thin lenses, and perform badly when the paraxial approximation is rough, i.e., when the angular span of the incoming rays is wide. In contrast, the new illuminator performs ideally for angular spans up to 90o (±45o), and has only a 3% loss for a 180o angular span. In general such an illuminator cannot be made in 3D, because adjacent Luneburg lenses overlap. It can, however, be implemented in planar optics, by using Rinehart geodesic lenses, which moreover do not use gradient index material. This waveguide device has application in illumination engineering as a light mixer, particularly for LEDs. Another light mixer using a combination of two kaleidoscopes with a geodesic lens is also presented. Irradiance at the exit of a kaleidoscope has good light mixing if the kaleidoscope is long enough, but the intensity is never well mixed, irrespective of the length. Inserting a Rinehart geodesic lens produces a 90-degree phase-space rotation of the rays, i.e., it exchanges irradiance and intensity. A further kaleidoscope assures complete mixing in both irradiance and intensity.
A novel waveguide-optical integrator is introduced for applications to LEDs. The concept is based upon a Kohler illuminator made of Luneburg lenses. Typical Kohler illuminators are formed by pairs of thin lenses, and perform badly when the paraxial approximation is rough, i.e., when the angular span of the incoming rays is wide. In contrast, the new illuminator performs ideally for angular spans up to 90° (±45°), and has only a 3% loss for a 180° angular span. In general such an illuminator cannot be made in 3D, because adjacent Luneburg lenses overlap. It can, however, be implemented in planar optics, by using Rinehart geodesic lenses. This waveguide device has application in illumination engineering as a light mixer, particularly for LEDs. Another light mixer using a combination of two kaleidoscopes with a geodesic lens is also presented. Irradiance at the exit of a kaleidoscope has good light mixing if the kaleidoscope is long enough, but the intensity is never well mixed, irrespective of the length. Inserting a Rinehart geodesic lens produces a 90-degree phase-space rotation of the rays, i.e., it exchanges irradiance and intensity. An further kaleidoscope assures complete mixing in both irradiance and intensity.
Phosphor-conversion (PC) LEDs are the leading type of white solid-state lighting (SSL), due to the high efficacy of the yellow wavelengths of blue-stimulated photoluminescence. Conventional phosphor-conversion LEDs have the photoluminescent phosphor in immediate contact with the blue LED. Major types are the thin conformal phosphor and the thick or in-cup phosphor. The first trades away efficiency for increased luminance, while the latter gains efficiency at reduced luminance. In both cases the phosphor suffers from the elevated temperature of the blue chip, particularly the thermal quenching that reduces phosphor quantum efficiency. Also, the inevitable 15% Stokes heat of the phosphor conversion of blue light to longer-wave yellow light adds to the chip's heat load, as does much of a conformal phosphor's back-emission into the chip. It would be preferable to relocate the phosphor away from the chip illuminating it. Although remote phosphors have recently been showcased, their phosphor is much larger than the chip, greatly reducing luminance. A new design is presented of a Dual-Optic-based remote phosphor configuration with minimal increase in phosphor etendue over that of the source, as well as greatly improved spatial uniformity. Moreover, the yellow phosphor back-emission is recycled with a blue-pass mirror that re-illuminates the phosphor to increase its luminance. The result is a new white-light source with superior luminance, efficacy, and uniformity.
Nonimaging optics needs to address the interesting effects upon white-LED luminance of scattering within a photoluminescent phosphor, and how strong scattering leads to luminance recycling of TIR-trapped phosphor-emission. This paper analyzes LED optical systems that extract light by multiple internal reflections and varying degrees of bulk scattering. The luminance values of such devices can greatly exceed those predicted by the luminance-conservation law of etendue, formulated for non-scattering, non-recycling optical architectures. To illustrate this, the results of extensive modeling of LED architectures via a commercial raytracing package are described and analyzed. The analysis includes the effects of bulk scattering within the phosphor, and reveals the crucial role of diffuse reflectance, within the LED itself below its emitting layer. The study shows how it is possible to achieve an increase luminance in an LED via use of flat-windows over an LED as opposed to the traditional approach of dome-covers, albeit with some loss of overall luminosity extraction. The paper includes a discussion of luminance-luminosity tradeoffs and a summary of analytical and numerical methods for modeling optical systems involving bulk scattering.
Simple optics composed of a spherical lens and a conic mirror are described and the relation between the radius of the lens and height of the cone on far field illuminance performance is analyzed for a fixed exit aperture dimension. Ray sets for real LEDs were used to simulate the performance of the hybrid optics and it is shown that there are combinations of values for the lens radius and cone height for which the optic produces an approximately constant illuminance pattern on a distant target. The effects of varying the lens radius while keeping the cone height constant, and of varying the cone height while keeping the lens radius constant, are also presented, as these variations result in beams of varying angular spread. It is shown that a relatively course two parameter optimization can find near optimum solutions, where the optimization is carried out using ray sets of commercially available LEDs and the merit function is constant illuminance.
Conventional incandescent light bulbs have a wire filament acting as an extended light source with nearly constant intensity throughout its quasi-spherical emission pattern. Here we present a novel family of optical devices that make use of commercially available Lambertian or near-Lambertian LED light sources, in conjunction with tailored optical element bonded to the top surface of the LED. These hybrid devices can emulate the output of traditional incandescent filaments, or can be designed to produce a wide range of light output beam patterns. We call these new devices Virtual Filaments, as they can be designed to appear the same as an incandescent filament, with a similar light output pattern, and having a similar focal position above the base. These new lamps can then be used in the same applications as those they replace, thus eliminating the need to redesign or replace the original luminaire. We present several possible optical designs that can be used with a number of standard LEDs to replace standard incandescent bulbs. In one example we show a design that provides an output with near-uniform intensity across a full beam angle of 300 degrees, from a focal position 20 mm above an LED. Other major advantages of these new devices include their ability to be given sharp cutoffs, to homogenize non-uniform LED light sources and to color-mix the output of RGB LEDs.
The simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) method in 3-D geometry is presented. Given two orthotomic input ray bundles and another two orthotomic output ray bundles, the method provides an optical system with two free-form surfaces that deflects the rays of the input bundles into the rays of the corresponding output bundles and vice versa. In nonimaging applications, the method enables controlling the light emitted by an extended light source much better than single free-form-surface designs, and also enables the optics contour to be shaped without efficiency losses. The method is also expected to find applications in imaging optics.
The Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) method in 3D geometry is presented. Giving two orthotomic input ray bundles and other two orthotomic output ray bundles, the method provides an optical system with two free-form surfaces that deflects the rays of the input bundles into the rays of the corresponding output bundles and vice versa. In nonimaging applications, the method allows controlling the light emitted by an extended light source much better than single free-form surfaces designs, and also enables the optics contour to be shaped without efficiency losses. The method is expected to find also applications in imaging optics
A novel luminaire utilizes repeated Fresnel reflections by angled surfaces to transform a small collimated input beam into a controlled output pattern with a high degree of polarization, either linear or radial. Applications to backlighting, front-lighting, optical communications and automotive lighting will be discussed.
For reasons both fluid-dynamic and stylistic, volumetric constraints on vehicular luminaires grow more exacting. For full design-freedom of luminaire placement and shape, new designs are needed that have shallow depth and are capable of emitting a beam that makes a net angle with the local surface normal. Automotive headlamps, fog-lamps, and daylight-running lamps may need to project their illumination patterns onto the road from a position on sloped front surfaces. A conventional paraboloid, however, must be recessed behind a sloped window, thus using up space inside the vehicle-skin. A conventional TIR lens, with its output beam centered on its axis of circular symmetry, will also have to intrude into the vehicle interior, and shine through a sloped window. Instead, the luminaire should be thin enough to mount on a vehicle’s skin without needing a hole to be cut into it, a luminaire also capable of emitting its beam substantially off the local normal. To this end, two new TIR lenses are introduced here that generate off-normal beams. In one, a circular TIR lens takes on an internal tilt of its symmetry axis to produce a collimated output beam with high tilt, nearly 45° from the surface normal of the lens exterior. In the other, an off-axis linear TIR lens can be made with an internal tilt to the reflected rays. When used with LEDs, this new linear lens can be combined with exterior transverse lenslets, tailored to meet an intensity prescription.
The book by Jolley, Waldram and Wilson, 'The Theory and Design of Illumination Engineering Equipment', published in 1930, contains methods of designing symmetrical and asymmetrical reflectors that are of historical significance for the field of illumination engineering and nonimaging optics. This paper describes the methods that appear to be first revealed in the book, and the legacy of the work for modern day researchers in the fields of illumination engineering and nonimaging optics. This paper concludes that Jolley, Waldram and Wilson (with, perhaps, some help from the insights of Halberstma) were most likely the first to derive a method of reflector design based on the mapping of an input angle of a source into the prescribed output angle of the reflector based on the concept of integrated flux and energy conservation of flux.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.