The Luk Ulo River watershed, the largest river in Kebumen Regency, owns some environmental issues, including its declining quality due to land degradation, land conversion, rapid urbanization, and mining of sand and rock for building material. Rapid population growth also triggers the change of the land functions from forest to built-up area. This massive land-use changing lead to the watershed decreasing potential to absorb a large amount of water optimally, since most of the rainwater will flow to the surface due to reduced forest as a barrier to the rate of surface water. Therefore, watershed potential and actual identification in term of water resources availability is urgently needed. The development of remote sensing technology and geographic information systems has a possibility to study the spatial pattern of water catchment areas in a wide range. This study aims to determine the potential and actual of water catchment areas in the Luk Ulo watershed. The potential of water catchment obtained from the result of overlay from rainfall, soil type (Secondary data) and slope data which derived from DEM SRTM 30 meters. The result of the potential water catchment area is overlaid with land use information extracted from Sentinel-2A imagery through visual interpretation and resulting the actual potential of water catchment. The results show that the condition of the potential natural water catchment area in the Luk Ulo watershed is dominated by moderate infiltration potential with an area of 42,462.87 Ha (65.170%). Furthermore, for actual potential of water catchment areas dominated by good and quite critical conditions with an area of 24,979.85 Ha (38.23%) and 22,896.96 Ha (35.80%) 24,758.53 Ha (38.14%). This research contributes to the potential assessment of watershed revitalization planning, especially to provide the estimation extent area followed by its spatial distribution. Data validation using field observation and secondary data will be ideal for future study to measure the model accuracy followed by giving us local knowledge of the study area.
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important factor in geophysical parameters such as hydrological modeling, soil moisture, monitoring crop, etc. LST data with detailed resolution and the large-scale area is very helpful data in many research fields. Satellite imagery with thermal infrared sensors can be used to produce LST using a retrieval algorithm. Currently, Landsat 8 with TIRS sensor is freely available thermal infrared bands with the highest spatial resolution (resampled from 100m to 30m). Based on that situation, this study aims to build a model from optical bands of Landsat-8 as the input data and LST from Landsat-8 as the target data using Deep Neural Network regression (DNNr) architecture and then applied to Sentinel-2 to get LST at 10m resolution. The main difference of DNNr architecture with DNN for classification is we use linear activation function in the output layer. The study area is located in Yilan County, Taiwan. The input data from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 are optical bands (Blue, Green, Red, NIR), NDVI, and emissivity from NDVI. Both the input data have been standardized using the standardscaler function before feeding into the model. The input data were separated as 70% for training, 20% for validation, and the other 10% as testing data. We use air temperature data to calculate indirect validation with LST from Sentinel-2. The result shows, the mean absolute error and mean squared of testing data from DNNr are 0.581oC and 0.766oC. The correlation and maximum difference of air temperature with LST Sentinel-2 from DNNr are 0.92 and 2.94oC. Based on the experiments, our DNNr achieved a more good result than other regression architecture. Our DNNr architecture has been tested in other areas and also shows acceptable result. Based on that results, our LST product at 10m resolution can be used in others research fields.
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