An MRI-Compatible robotic aspiration device has been developed with the goal of improving minimally invasive treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Current minimally invasive approaches have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes in preliminary trials when compared to conservative treatment or surgery. However, these approaches do not allow for hemorrhage evacuation while monitoring for evacuation progress and brain tissue involvement under MRI. The robotic aspiration device has a concentric tube mechanism which consists of a straight outer tube and an elastic inner aspiration cannula to allow for access to hematomas when deployed. We started evaluating the robot in MRI-guided human brain phantom studies. As a next step, we assessed the workflow of the robot system in an MRI-guided sheep brain phantom study. The phantom was created using Humimic Medical gel that was melted and poured into a 3D-printed sheep brain model. The gel was left to solidify, and a cavity was created for a clot. The measured clot volume prior to evacuation was 9.04mL. The robot was advanced into the clot and aspiration was performed with real-time intraoperative MR imaging. The volume of clot was reduced by 83% and the phantom did not have any unexpected damage when it was physically analyzed after the procedure. Our long-term goal is to develop a safe MRI-compatible minimally invasive robotic procedure for ICH evacuation. We are currently preparing for live sheep animal studies.
Blackberry crop production is an essential sector of high-value specialty crops. Blackberries are delicate and easy to be damaged during harvest process. Besides, the blackberries in an orchard are not ripe at the same time so that multiple passes of harvesting are often needed. Therefore, the production is highly labor intensive and could be addressed using robotic solutions while maintaining the post-harvest berry quality for desired profitability. To further empower the developed tendon-driven soft robotic gripper specifically designed for berries, this study aims at investigating a state-of-the-art deep-learning YOLOv7 for accurately detecting the blackberries at multi-ripeness level in field conditions. In-field blackberry localization is a challenging task since blackberries are small objects and differ in color due to various levels of ripeness. Furthermore, the outdoor light condition varies depending on the time of day/location. Our study focused on detecting in-field blackberries at multi-ripeness levels using the state-of-the-art YOLOv7 model. In total, 642 RGB images were acquired targeting the plant canopies in several commercial orchards in Arkansas. The images were augmented to increase the diversity of data set using various methods. There are mainly three ripeness levels of blackberries that can present simultaneously in individual plants, including ripe (in black color), ripening (in red color), and unripe berries (in green color). The differentiation of ripeness levels can help the system to specifically harvest the ripe berries, and to keep track of the ripening/unripe berries in preparation for the next harvesting pass. The aggregation of total number of berries at all ripeness levels can also help estimate the crop-load for growers. The YOLOv7 model with seven configurations and six variants were trained and validated with 431 and 129 images, respectively. Overall, results of the test set (82 images) showed that YOLOv7-base was the best configuration with mean average precision (mAP) of 91.4% and F1-score of 0.86. YOLOv7-base also achieved 94% of mAP and 0.93 of True Positives (TPs) for ripe berries, 91% and 0.88 for ripening berries, and 88% and 0.86 for unripe berries under the Intersection-over-Union (IoU) of 0.5. The inference speed for YOLOv7-base was 21.5 ms on average per image with 1,024x1,024 resolution.
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